Multivariate analyses of indigenous bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces of Oman
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i6.2713Abstract
Oman is endowed with enormous diversity of important food crops that have global significance for food security and has ancient history of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with its divergent landraces, which are useful in crop improvement. 55 indigenous Omani accessions conserved at the USDA were evaluated in the winter season (November to April) of the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 on loamy soil under sprinklers in augmented design with 5 check varieties in 5 replications following crop husbandry practices as per national recommendations using 9 quantitative (descriptors) and 6 qualitative traits (anthocyanin pigmentation on plant parts). The data on traits were subjected not only for PC values and D values after varimax rotation through Kaiser normalization in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) but also for Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results indicated that indigenous bread wheat accessions were significantly different (p>0.05) for all the quantitative traits except number of tillers. The multivariate analyses led to formation of four diverse clusters from PCA analyses corresponding to four quadrants of bi-plot graphs and three clusters from AHC analysis corresponding to main clades of dendrogram. The parents were selected from common accessions of distinct clusters in all the multivariate analyses for hybridization for improving characters of growth for higher yield or productivity with pigmentation on one or two plant parts useful for DUS test of varieties. The indigenous bread wheat landraces / accessions were genetically diverse and have potential for use in national crop improvement programs for earliness and higher grain productivity with distinct identification markers.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aharizad, S., M. Sabzi., S.A. Mohammadi and E. Khodadadi. 2012. Multivariate analysis of genetic diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) recombinant inbred lines using agronomic traits. Annals of Biological Research. 3(5): 2118-2126.
Ahmad, H. M., M.A. Ali., S. Awan and O. Aziz. 2014. Multivariative analysis of some metric traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience. 1: 22-26.
Ahmadizadeh, M., M. Valizadeh., H. Shahbazi., M. Zaefizadeh and M. Habibpor. 2011. Morphological diversity and interrelationships traits in durum wheat landraces under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1934–1940.
Akhtar, M. and S.K. Nadaf. 2001. Scientific production of field crops in Oman. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman. 87p.
Alkhanjari, S., K. Hammer., A. Buerkert., I. Khan and A. Al-Maskri. 2005. A survey of wheat landraces in Oman. FAO/IBPGR Plant Gen. Res. Newslett. 141: 7–10.
Al-Khanjari, S., K. Hammer and A. Buerkert. 2007. Molecular diversity of Omani wheat revealed by microsatellites: I. Tetraploid landraces. Genet Res. Crop Evol. 54: 1291-1300.
Al Khanjari, S., A.A. Filatenko., K, Hammer and A. Buerkert. 2008. Morphological spike diversity of 0man wheat. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 55: 1185–1195.
Al-Maskri, A., M. Nagieb., K. Hammer., A.A. Filatenko., I. Khan and A. Buerkert. 2003. A note about Triticum in Oman. Gen. Res. Crop Evol. 50: 83-87.
Almekinders, C.J.M. and A. Elings. 2001. Collaboration of farmers and breeders: Participatory crop improvement in perspective. Euphytica. 122: 425-438.
Ali, Y., B.M. Atta., J. Akhter., P. Monneveux and Z. Lateef. 2008. Genetic variability, association and diversity studies in wheat (Trititicum aestivum L.) germplasm. Pak. J. Bot. 40: 2087-2097.
Amin, M., M. Hasan., N. Barma., M. Rasul and M. Rahman. 2014. Genetic diversity analysis in spring wheat (Triricum aestivum L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 39(2): 189-196.
Awan, Z.K., Z. Naseem., S.A. Masood., B. Nasir., F. Sarwar., E. Amin and Q. Ali. 2015. How to improve Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench production: An Overview. Life Sci J. 212 (3s): 99-103.
Azeez, M., A.M. Adubi and F. Durodola. 2018. Landraces and Crop Genetic Improvement. 10.5772/intechopen.75944.
Baranwal, D.K., V.K. Mishra and Y. Singh. 2013. Genetic diversity based on cluster and principal component analyses for yield and its contributing characters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Madras Agric. J. 100 (4-6): 320-323.
Basnet, K.M., N. R. Adhikari and M. P. Pandey. 2014. Multivariate analysis among the Nepalese and exotic mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes based on the qualitative parameters. Universal J. Agri. Research. 2(5): 147-155.
Bibi, K., I. Ullah., H. Ahmad., A. Bibi., R. Masood., H. Khan and A. Khan. 2017. Genetic diversity assessment of indigenous wheat germplasm from different areas of Pakistan usingagro-morphometric traits. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 49: 221-227.
Chahal, G.S. and S.S. Gosal. 2002. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnology and Conventional Approaches. Alpha Science International, UK. 604 p.
CPVO. 2019. Protocol for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol. Wheat Curtis, B.C. (2019). Wheat in the World. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/y4011e/y4011e04.htm (accessed on 28 March 2019).
Deyong, Z. 2011. Analysis among main agronomic traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Qinghai Tibet plateau. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 17: 615-622.
Dotlači, L., J. Hermuth., Z. Stehno and M. Manev. 2000. Diversity in European winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 36(2): 29-36.
Dwivedi, S.L., S. Ceccarelli., M. W. Blair., H.D. Upadhyaya., A.K. Are and R. Ortiz. 2016. Landrace germplasm for improving yield and abiotic stress adaptation. Trends in Plant Science. 21(1): 31-42.
Ebrahimnejad, S. and V. Rameeh. 2016. Correlation and factor analysis of grain yield and some important component characters in spring bread wheat genotypes. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova (De Gruyter Open). 19: 5-15. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1515/ cerce-2016-0001 Published online: 30 Apr 2016.
Frenez, D. 2018. The Indus Civilization Trade with the Oman Peninsula. In: Cleuziou S, Tosi M. In the Shadow of the Ancestors. The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization in Oman. Ministry of Heritage and Culture Sultanate of Oman. Second expanded edition. pp 385-396.
Filatenko, A.A. and K. Hammer. 2014. Wheat landraces from Oman: A botanical analysis. (2014). Emir. J. Food Agric. 26 (2): 119-136. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v26i2.16760.
Giraldo, P., E. Benavente., F. Manzano-Agugliaro and E. Gimenez. 2019. Worldwide Research Trends on Wheat and Barley: A Bibliometric Comparative Analysis. Agronomy. 9: 352; doi:10.3390/agronomy9070352.
Guarino L. 1990. Crop collecting in the Sultanate of Oman in the context of the Arabian Peninsula. FAO/IBPGR. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 77: 27–33.
Gebauer, J., E. Ludeling., K. Hammer., M. Nagieb and A. Buerkert. 2007. Mountain oases in northern Oman: An environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Genetic. Resour. Crop Evol. 54: 465-481.
Gebauer, J., S. Al Khanjari, I. Khan, I., A. Buerkert and K. Hammer. 2010. Plant genetic resources in Oman – Evidence of millennia of cultural exchange in the Middle East. In: Buerkert A, Schlecht E. (Eds.). Oases of Oman. Al Roya Press and Publishing House, Muscat; pp. 28-33.
Hammer, K., S. Gebauer.. S. Al Khanjari and A. Buerkert. 2009. Oman at the cross roads of inter-regional exchange of of cultivated plants. Crop Evol. 56: 547-560.
IBPGR. 1995. Revised Descriptor List for wheat. IBPGR Secretariat. Rome. Italy. 1995. 12p.
Janmohammadi, M., Z. Movahedi., N. Sabaghnia. 2014). Multivariate statistical analysis of some traits of bread wheat for breeding under rainfed conditions. J. Agric. Sci., Belgrade. 59(1): 1-14.
Jaradat, A. A. 2006. Phenotypic divergence in the meta-population of the Hourani wheat landrace. J. Food Agric. Env. 4: 186-191.
Jaradat, A. A. 2013. Wheat landraces: a mini review. Emir. J. Food Agric. 25: 20-29.
Jaradat, A.A. and M. Shahid. 2014. How diverse a farmer-managed wheat landrace can be? Emir. J. Food Agric. 26 (2): 93-118.
Khalili, M. and M. R. Naghavi. 2017. Interrelationships between characteristics of F4 wheat families under rain-fed conditions. Inter J Agri Biosci. 6(1): 37-41. www.ijagbio.com (©2017 IJAB. All rights reserved)
Khodadadi, M., M. H. Fotokian and M. Miransari. 2011. Genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes based on cluster and principal component analyses for breeding strategies. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(1): 17.
Kumar, R., B.K. Prasad., G. Singh and A. Verma. 2015. Genetic divergence analysis for morpho-physiological traits, under timely and late sown condition in bread wheat (Triticum estivum L.). J. Wheat Res. 7(1): 27- 30.
MAF. 2011. Agriculture & Livestock Research - Five-Year Research Strategy 2011-2015. Directorate General of Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture. Sultanate of Oman. i + 52 pages
MAF. 2012. Annual Report. 2012. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
MAF. 2013. Annual Report. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
MAF. 2014. Annual Report. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
Maxted, N., S. Kell., A.Toledo., M. Dulloo., V. Heywood., T. Hodgkin., D. Hunter., L. Guarino., A. Jarvis and B. Ford-Lloyd. 2010. A global approach to crop wild relative conservation: Securing the gene pool for food and agriculture. Kew Bulletin. 65: 561-576. 10.1007/s12225-011-9253-4.
McCouch, S. 2004. Diversifying selection in plant breeding. PLoS Biology. 2: 1507-1512.
Mishra, C.N., V. Tiwari., S. Kumar., V. Gupta., A. Kumar and I. Sharma. 2015. Genetic diversity and genotype by trait analysis for agromorphological and physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 47 (1), 40-48.
Mohammadi, S.A. and B.M. Prasanna. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants-salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science. 43: 1235-1248.
Nimbalkar, C., P. Navale and A. Biradar. 2002. Generalized D2 and Genetic Diversity in Wheat. Journal-Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 27(1): 43-45.
Pasandi, M., M. Janmohammadi and R. Karimizadeh. 2014. Evaluation of genotypic response of of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to irrigation regimes in Northwest of Iran. Agriculture. 60: 22-30. 10.2478/agri-2014-0003.
Qaseem, M.F., R. Qureshi., N. Illyas, Jalal-Ud-Din and G. Shabbir. 2017. Multivariate statistical analysis for yield and yield components in bread wheat planted under rainfed conditions. Pak. J. Bot., 49(6): 2445-2450.
Rufo, R., F. Alvaro, C. Royo and J,M. Soriano. 2019. From landraces to improved cultivars: Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Mediterranean wheat using SNP markers. PLoS ONE, 14(7):, e0219867. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0219867.
Rymuza, K., Turska, E., G. Wielogórska and A. Bombik. 2012. Use of principal component analysis for the assessment of spring wheat characteristics. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura. 11:79-90.
Sant’Anna, I.D.C., G.N. Silva., V. Q. Carneiro., D.S. Pontes., M. Nascimento and C.M. Cruz. 2020. Comparison of projection of distance techniques for genetic diversity studies. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy [online]. 42. e42483. Epub Jan 27, 2020. ISSN 1679-9275. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.42483.
Sheykhi, A., H. Pirdashti, A. Abbasian and Y. Niknejhad. 2014. Segregation of some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using cluster analysis procedure. Int. J. Farm. and Allied Sci. 3(2): 225-229.
Singh, G., P. Kumar., R. Kumar and L.K. Gangwar. 2018. Genetic diversity analysis for various morphological and quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 10 (1): 24 – 29.
Soriano, J.M., D. Villegas., M.J. Aranzana., L.F. García del Moral and C. Royo. 2016. Genetic structure of modern durum wheat cultivars and Mediterranean landraces matches with their agronomic performance. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(8): e0160983. pmid:27513751
Statista 2020. Global wheat production from 2011/2012 to 2019/2020 (in million metric tons). https://www.statista.com/statistics/267268/production-of-wheat-worldwide-since-1990/.
Walker, C.A. 2012. Statistical applications in plant breeding and genetics. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. May 2012. https://research. libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 2376/ 4088/ Walker_wsu_0251E_10392.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Walker, T., A. Alene., J. Ndjeunga., R. Labarta., Y. Yigezu., A. Diagne., R. Andrade., R. M. Andriatsitohaina., H. De Groote., K. Mausch., C. Yirga., F. Simtowe., E. Katungi., W. Jogo., M. Jaleta and S. Pandey. 2014. Measuring the effectiveness of crop improvement research in Sub-Saharan Africa from the perspectives of varietal output, adoption, and change: 20 crops, 30 countries, and 1,150 cultivars in farmers’ fields. Report of the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA), CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) Secretariat: Rome, Italy.
Wang, L.X., J. Qiu., F. Chang., Liu, L H., H. Li., B.S. Pang and C.P. Zhoa. 2015. Assessment of wheat variety distinctness using SSR markers. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 14(10): 1923–1935.
Wani, S.H., F.A. Sheikh., S. Najeeb., M. Sofi., A.M. Iqbal., M. Kordrostami., G.A. Parray and M.S. Jeberson. 2018. Genetic variability study in bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) under temperate Conditions. Curr. Agri. Res. 6: 268-277.
XLStat. 2019. Data Analysis and Statistical Solution for Microsoft Excel. Addinsoft, Paris, France. 2019.
Yan, W. and N.A. Tinker. 2005. An integrated biplot analysis system for displaying, interpreting, and exploring genotype× environment interaction. Crop Science. 45 (3): 1004-1016.
Zeven, A.C. 2000. Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 1 data by crop. Euphytica. 116: 65-85.
Zohary, D., M. Hopf and E. Weiss. 2012. The domestication of the plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and Nile Valley. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
Ahmad, H. M., M.A. Ali., S. Awan and O. Aziz. 2014. Multivariative analysis of some metric traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience. 1: 22-26.
Ahmadizadeh, M., M. Valizadeh., H. Shahbazi., M. Zaefizadeh and M. Habibpor. 2011. Morphological diversity and interrelationships traits in durum wheat landraces under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5: 1934–1940.
Akhtar, M. and S.K. Nadaf. 2001. Scientific production of field crops in Oman. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman. 87p.
Alkhanjari, S., K. Hammer., A. Buerkert., I. Khan and A. Al-Maskri. 2005. A survey of wheat landraces in Oman. FAO/IBPGR Plant Gen. Res. Newslett. 141: 7–10.
Al-Khanjari, S., K. Hammer and A. Buerkert. 2007. Molecular diversity of Omani wheat revealed by microsatellites: I. Tetraploid landraces. Genet Res. Crop Evol. 54: 1291-1300.
Al Khanjari, S., A.A. Filatenko., K, Hammer and A. Buerkert. 2008. Morphological spike diversity of 0man wheat. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 55: 1185–1195.
Al-Maskri, A., M. Nagieb., K. Hammer., A.A. Filatenko., I. Khan and A. Buerkert. 2003. A note about Triticum in Oman. Gen. Res. Crop Evol. 50: 83-87.
Almekinders, C.J.M. and A. Elings. 2001. Collaboration of farmers and breeders: Participatory crop improvement in perspective. Euphytica. 122: 425-438.
Ali, Y., B.M. Atta., J. Akhter., P. Monneveux and Z. Lateef. 2008. Genetic variability, association and diversity studies in wheat (Trititicum aestivum L.) germplasm. Pak. J. Bot. 40: 2087-2097.
Amin, M., M. Hasan., N. Barma., M. Rasul and M. Rahman. 2014. Genetic diversity analysis in spring wheat (Triricum aestivum L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 39(2): 189-196.
Awan, Z.K., Z. Naseem., S.A. Masood., B. Nasir., F. Sarwar., E. Amin and Q. Ali. 2015. How to improve Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench production: An Overview. Life Sci J. 212 (3s): 99-103.
Azeez, M., A.M. Adubi and F. Durodola. 2018. Landraces and Crop Genetic Improvement. 10.5772/intechopen.75944.
Baranwal, D.K., V.K. Mishra and Y. Singh. 2013. Genetic diversity based on cluster and principal component analyses for yield and its contributing characters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Madras Agric. J. 100 (4-6): 320-323.
Basnet, K.M., N. R. Adhikari and M. P. Pandey. 2014. Multivariate analysis among the Nepalese and exotic mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes based on the qualitative parameters. Universal J. Agri. Research. 2(5): 147-155.
Bibi, K., I. Ullah., H. Ahmad., A. Bibi., R. Masood., H. Khan and A. Khan. 2017. Genetic diversity assessment of indigenous wheat germplasm from different areas of Pakistan usingagro-morphometric traits. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 49: 221-227.
Chahal, G.S. and S.S. Gosal. 2002. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnology and Conventional Approaches. Alpha Science International, UK. 604 p.
CPVO. 2019. Protocol for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol. Wheat Curtis, B.C. (2019). Wheat in the World. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/y4011e/y4011e04.htm (accessed on 28 March 2019).
Deyong, Z. 2011. Analysis among main agronomic traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Qinghai Tibet plateau. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci. 17: 615-622.
Dotlači, L., J. Hermuth., Z. Stehno and M. Manev. 2000. Diversity in European winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 36(2): 29-36.
Dwivedi, S.L., S. Ceccarelli., M. W. Blair., H.D. Upadhyaya., A.K. Are and R. Ortiz. 2016. Landrace germplasm for improving yield and abiotic stress adaptation. Trends in Plant Science. 21(1): 31-42.
Ebrahimnejad, S. and V. Rameeh. 2016. Correlation and factor analysis of grain yield and some important component characters in spring bread wheat genotypes. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova (De Gruyter Open). 19: 5-15. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1515/ cerce-2016-0001 Published online: 30 Apr 2016.
Frenez, D. 2018. The Indus Civilization Trade with the Oman Peninsula. In: Cleuziou S, Tosi M. In the Shadow of the Ancestors. The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization in Oman. Ministry of Heritage and Culture Sultanate of Oman. Second expanded edition. pp 385-396.
Filatenko, A.A. and K. Hammer. 2014. Wheat landraces from Oman: A botanical analysis. (2014). Emir. J. Food Agric. 26 (2): 119-136. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v26i2.16760.
Giraldo, P., E. Benavente., F. Manzano-Agugliaro and E. Gimenez. 2019. Worldwide Research Trends on Wheat and Barley: A Bibliometric Comparative Analysis. Agronomy. 9: 352; doi:10.3390/agronomy9070352.
Guarino L. 1990. Crop collecting in the Sultanate of Oman in the context of the Arabian Peninsula. FAO/IBPGR. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 77: 27–33.
Gebauer, J., E. Ludeling., K. Hammer., M. Nagieb and A. Buerkert. 2007. Mountain oases in northern Oman: An environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Genetic. Resour. Crop Evol. 54: 465-481.
Gebauer, J., S. Al Khanjari, I. Khan, I., A. Buerkert and K. Hammer. 2010. Plant genetic resources in Oman – Evidence of millennia of cultural exchange in the Middle East. In: Buerkert A, Schlecht E. (Eds.). Oases of Oman. Al Roya Press and Publishing House, Muscat; pp. 28-33.
Hammer, K., S. Gebauer.. S. Al Khanjari and A. Buerkert. 2009. Oman at the cross roads of inter-regional exchange of of cultivated plants. Crop Evol. 56: 547-560.
IBPGR. 1995. Revised Descriptor List for wheat. IBPGR Secretariat. Rome. Italy. 1995. 12p.
Janmohammadi, M., Z. Movahedi., N. Sabaghnia. 2014). Multivariate statistical analysis of some traits of bread wheat for breeding under rainfed conditions. J. Agric. Sci., Belgrade. 59(1): 1-14.
Jaradat, A. A. 2006. Phenotypic divergence in the meta-population of the Hourani wheat landrace. J. Food Agric. Env. 4: 186-191.
Jaradat, A. A. 2013. Wheat landraces: a mini review. Emir. J. Food Agric. 25: 20-29.
Jaradat, A.A. and M. Shahid. 2014. How diverse a farmer-managed wheat landrace can be? Emir. J. Food Agric. 26 (2): 93-118.
Khalili, M. and M. R. Naghavi. 2017. Interrelationships between characteristics of F4 wheat families under rain-fed conditions. Inter J Agri Biosci. 6(1): 37-41. www.ijagbio.com (©2017 IJAB. All rights reserved)
Khodadadi, M., M. H. Fotokian and M. Miransari. 2011. Genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes based on cluster and principal component analyses for breeding strategies. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5(1): 17.
Kumar, R., B.K. Prasad., G. Singh and A. Verma. 2015. Genetic divergence analysis for morpho-physiological traits, under timely and late sown condition in bread wheat (Triticum estivum L.). J. Wheat Res. 7(1): 27- 30.
MAF. 2011. Agriculture & Livestock Research - Five-Year Research Strategy 2011-2015. Directorate General of Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture. Sultanate of Oman. i + 52 pages
MAF. 2012. Annual Report. 2012. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
MAF. 2013. Annual Report. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
MAF. 2014. Annual Report. Directorate General Agriculture & Livestock Research. Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries. Sultanate of Oman.
Maxted, N., S. Kell., A.Toledo., M. Dulloo., V. Heywood., T. Hodgkin., D. Hunter., L. Guarino., A. Jarvis and B. Ford-Lloyd. 2010. A global approach to crop wild relative conservation: Securing the gene pool for food and agriculture. Kew Bulletin. 65: 561-576. 10.1007/s12225-011-9253-4.
McCouch, S. 2004. Diversifying selection in plant breeding. PLoS Biology. 2: 1507-1512.
Mishra, C.N., V. Tiwari., S. Kumar., V. Gupta., A. Kumar and I. Sharma. 2015. Genetic diversity and genotype by trait analysis for agromorphological and physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 47 (1), 40-48.
Mohammadi, S.A. and B.M. Prasanna. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants-salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science. 43: 1235-1248.
Nimbalkar, C., P. Navale and A. Biradar. 2002. Generalized D2 and Genetic Diversity in Wheat. Journal-Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 27(1): 43-45.
Pasandi, M., M. Janmohammadi and R. Karimizadeh. 2014. Evaluation of genotypic response of of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to irrigation regimes in Northwest of Iran. Agriculture. 60: 22-30. 10.2478/agri-2014-0003.
Qaseem, M.F., R. Qureshi., N. Illyas, Jalal-Ud-Din and G. Shabbir. 2017. Multivariate statistical analysis for yield and yield components in bread wheat planted under rainfed conditions. Pak. J. Bot., 49(6): 2445-2450.
Rufo, R., F. Alvaro, C. Royo and J,M. Soriano. 2019. From landraces to improved cultivars: Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Mediterranean wheat using SNP markers. PLoS ONE, 14(7):, e0219867. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0219867.
Rymuza, K., Turska, E., G. Wielogórska and A. Bombik. 2012. Use of principal component analysis for the assessment of spring wheat characteristics. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Agricultura. 11:79-90.
Sant’Anna, I.D.C., G.N. Silva., V. Q. Carneiro., D.S. Pontes., M. Nascimento and C.M. Cruz. 2020. Comparison of projection of distance techniques for genetic diversity studies. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy [online]. 42. e42483. Epub Jan 27, 2020. ISSN 1679-9275. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.42483.
Sheykhi, A., H. Pirdashti, A. Abbasian and Y. Niknejhad. 2014. Segregation of some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using cluster analysis procedure. Int. J. Farm. and Allied Sci. 3(2): 225-229.
Singh, G., P. Kumar., R. Kumar and L.K. Gangwar. 2018. Genetic diversity analysis for various morphological and quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 10 (1): 24 – 29.
Soriano, J.M., D. Villegas., M.J. Aranzana., L.F. García del Moral and C. Royo. 2016. Genetic structure of modern durum wheat cultivars and Mediterranean landraces matches with their agronomic performance. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(8): e0160983. pmid:27513751
Statista 2020. Global wheat production from 2011/2012 to 2019/2020 (in million metric tons). https://www.statista.com/statistics/267268/production-of-wheat-worldwide-since-1990/.
Walker, C.A. 2012. Statistical applications in plant breeding and genetics. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Science Washington State University Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. May 2012. https://research. libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 2376/ 4088/ Walker_wsu_0251E_10392.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Walker, T., A. Alene., J. Ndjeunga., R. Labarta., Y. Yigezu., A. Diagne., R. Andrade., R. M. Andriatsitohaina., H. De Groote., K. Mausch., C. Yirga., F. Simtowe., E. Katungi., W. Jogo., M. Jaleta and S. Pandey. 2014. Measuring the effectiveness of crop improvement research in Sub-Saharan Africa from the perspectives of varietal output, adoption, and change: 20 crops, 30 countries, and 1,150 cultivars in farmers’ fields. Report of the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA), CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) Secretariat: Rome, Italy.
Wang, L.X., J. Qiu., F. Chang., Liu, L H., H. Li., B.S. Pang and C.P. Zhoa. 2015. Assessment of wheat variety distinctness using SSR markers. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 14(10): 1923–1935.
Wani, S.H., F.A. Sheikh., S. Najeeb., M. Sofi., A.M. Iqbal., M. Kordrostami., G.A. Parray and M.S. Jeberson. 2018. Genetic variability study in bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) under temperate Conditions. Curr. Agri. Res. 6: 268-277.
XLStat. 2019. Data Analysis and Statistical Solution for Microsoft Excel. Addinsoft, Paris, France. 2019.
Yan, W. and N.A. Tinker. 2005. An integrated biplot analysis system for displaying, interpreting, and exploring genotype× environment interaction. Crop Science. 45 (3): 1004-1016.
Zeven, A.C. 2000. Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 1 data by crop. Euphytica. 116: 65-85.
Zohary, D., M. Hopf and E. Weiss. 2012. The domestication of the plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and Nile Valley. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
Published
2021-08-18
How to Cite
Al Lawati, A. H., S. K. Nadaf, N. A. A. Saady, S. A. Al Hinai, A. Almamari, A. Al Maawali, and A. Al Maawali. “Multivariate Analyses of Indigenous Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Landraces of Oman”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 33, no. 6, Aug. 2021, pp. 483-00, doi:10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i6.2713.
Issue
Section
Research Article
.