An Investigation of Algerian Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.); Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Properties and Phenolic Compositons H
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i8.2737Abstract
Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is not only known for its nutritional properties but also its therapeutic virtues. The objective was to investigate the phenolic compounds and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of pulp, seed, and whole fruit of Algerian dates. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanolic pulp (EP), seed (ES), and whole fruit (EF) extracts were measured using colorimetric methods. Phenolic acids and flavonoid profiles were determined by RP-HPLC-UV. The examination of the antioxidant potential was established by Free radical scavenging DPPH and FRAP assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous pulp (AP), seed (AS), and whole fruit (AF) of dates at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW of each extract were carried out according to the experimental model of carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in mice, using diclofenac (50 mg/kg) as a reference product. Measurement of the percentage of inhibition of paw edema in mice as well as the histological study of the paw tissue, allowed us to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts investigated. Ethanolic pulp, seed, and whole fruit of date extracts contained total phenolic and flavonoids compounds at different concentrations as well as a diverse phenolic profile. The strongest antioxidant capacity was determined in ethanolic date seed extract. Concerning anti-inflammatory activity, the administration of aqueous pulp (100 and 200 mg/kg), seed (100mg/kg), and fruit (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) of date extract induced a higher anti-inflammatory response from the fourth hour after carrageenan injection compared to the standard group treated with diclofenac. It is concluded that pulp, seed, and whole fruit of Algerian date possess antioxidant activity with phenolic and flavonoid contents and anti-inflammatory activity and dates with pulp and seed parts could be used as a natural bioactive substance for supporting anti-inflammatory therapies.
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References
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Hussain, M. I., M. Farooq, Q. A. Syed. 2020. Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review. Food Biosci. 34 (2020): 100509.
Khalifa, A. W. H., G. A. El-Sisy, W. S. El-Nattat, A. A. A. Mourad and N. Maghraby. 2018. Effect of water extract of dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on semen characteristics and oxidative status in serum of male New Zealand rabbits under heat stress. Asian Pac. J. Reprod. 7: 22-26.
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Saryono, S., W. Warsinah, A. Isworo and F. Efendi. 2018. Anti-inflammatory effect of date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L) on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. T. J. P. R. 17(12): 2455-2461.
Sheikh, B. Y., W. M. Elsaed, A. H. Samman, B. Y. Sheikh and A. M. M. A. B. Ladin, 2014. Ajwa dates as a protective agent against liver toxicity in rat. Eur. Sci. J. 3: 1857–7881.
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Tsai, D. S., M. H. Huang, J. C. Tsai, Y. S. Chang, Y. J. Chiu, Y. C. Lin, L. Y. Wu and W. H. Peng. 2015. Analgesic and anti-Inflammatory activities of rosa taiwanensis Nakai in mice. J. Med. Food 18(5): 592–600.
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Virshette, S. J., M. K. Patil and A. P. Somkuwar. 2019. A review on medicinal plants used as anti-inflammatory agents. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 8, 1641–1646.
Winter, C.A., E. A. Risley and G. W. Nuss. 1962. Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 111(3): 544–547.
Zhang, C. R., S. A. Aldosari, P. S. P. V. Vidyasagar, K. M. Nair and M. G. Nair. 2013. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays confirm bioactive compounds in Ajwa date fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61(24): 5834-5840.
Abiola, T., D. C. Dibie, O. J. Akinwale and O. A. Shomuyiwa. 2018. Assessment of the antidiabetic potential of the ethanolic extract of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) seed in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Diabetes Metab. 9: 1-9.
Ahmed, I. A., A. W. K. Ahmed and R. K. Robinson. 1995. Chemical composition of date varieties as influenced by the stage of ripening. Food Chem. 54: 305–309.
Al-Alawi, R. A., J. H. Al-Mashiqri, J. S. M. Al-Nadabi, B. I. Al-Shihi and Y. Baqi. 2017. Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural products and therapeutic options. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 845.
Al Harthi, S. S., A. Mavazhe, H. Al Mahroqi and S. A. Khan. 2015. Quantification of phenolic compounds, evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Oman. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 10: 346–352.
Al-Qarawi, A. A., H. Abdel-Rahman, H. M. Mousa, B. H. Ali and S. A. El-Mougy. 2008. Nephroprotective action of phoenix dactylifera in Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Pharm. Biol. 46: 227-230.
Al-Yahya, M., M. Raish, M. S. AlSaid, A. Ahmad, R. A. Mothana, M. AlSohaibani, M. S. Al-Dosari, M. K. Parvez and S. Rafatullah. 2016. 'Ajwa' dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) extract ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy through downregulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic molecules in rodent model. Phytomedicine. 23(11): 1240-1248.
Bauri, R. K., M. N. Tigga and S. S. Kullu. 2015. A review on use of medicinal plants to control parasites. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 6: 268-277.
Benyagoub, E., N. Boulenouar and A. Cheriti. 2011. Palmier dattier et ethnonutrition au sud ouestAlgérien : Analyse d’extrait de datte «Robb». P.C.B.S. J. 5(1): 2170‐1768.
Benzie, I. F. and J. J. Strain. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 239: 70–76.
Blackler, R. W, B. Gemici, A. Manko and J. L. Wallace. 2014. NSAID-gastroenteropathy: New aspects of pathogenesis and prevention. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 19: 11-16.
Bouhlali, E. D. T., C. Alem, J. Ennassir, M. Benlyas, A. N. Mbark and Y. F. Zegzouti. 2017. Phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of three date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds varieties grown in the South East Morocco. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 16(4): 350–357.
Bouhlali, E. D. T., J. E. Hilaly, J. Ennassir, M. Benlyas, C. Alem, M. Y. Amarouch and Y. Filali-Zegzouti. 2018. Anti-inflammatory properties and phenolic profile of six Moroccan date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. J. King Saud. Univ. Sci. 30(4): 519–526.
Can, Z., O. Yildiz, H. Sahin, E. Akyuz Turumtay, S. Silici and S. Kolayli. 2015. An investigation of Turkish honeys: their physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacities and phenolic profiles. Food Chem. 180, 133–141.
Choi, K. C., Y. O. Son, J. M. Hwang, B. T. Kim, M. Chae and J. C. Lee. 2017. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of phenolic acids and flavonoid fractions isolated from Lolium multiflorum. Pharm. Biol. 55(1): 611-619.
El Abed, H. E., M. Chakroun, Z. Abdelkafi-Koubaa, N. Drira, N. Marrakchi, H. Mejdoub and B. Khemakhem. 2018. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral effects of aqueous ethanolic extract from Phoenix dactylifera L. Parthenocarpic Dates. BioMed Res. Int. 2018: Article ID 1542602, 1-7.
El Arem A., E. B. Saafi, R. B. Slama, N. Zayen, M. Hammami and L. Achour. 2013. Phytochemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of common date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit during three maturation stages. T.J.M.P.N.P. 10, 33-48.
El-Far, A. H., B. E. Oyinloye, M. Sepehrimanesh, M. A. Gab Allah, I. Abu-Reidah, H. M. Shaheen, I. Razeghian-Jahromi, A. W. A. Alsenosy, A. E. Noreldin, S. K. Al Jaouni and S. A. Mousa. 2019. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera): Novel findings and future directions for food and drug discovery. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 16(1): 2-10.
Fukumoto, L. R. and G. Mazza. 2000. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48(8): 3597–3604.
Haimoud, S. A., R. Allem and A. Merouane. 2016. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of widely consumed date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit varieties in Algerian oases. J. Food Biochem. 40: 463-471.
Hamad, I., H. AbdElgawad, S. A. Jaouni, G. Zinta, H. Asard, S. Hassan, M. Hegab, N. Hagagy and S. Selim. 2015. Metabolic analysis of various date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia to assess their nutritional quality. Molecules. 20(8): 13620–13641.
Hussain, T., B. Tan, Y. Yin, F. Blachier, M. C. B. Tossou and N. Rahu. 2016. Oxidative stress and inflammation: what polyphenols can do for us? Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016: (7432797), 1-9.
Hussain, M. I., M. Farooq, Q. A. Syed. 2020. Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review. Food Biosci. 34 (2020): 100509.
Khalifa, A. W. H., G. A. El-Sisy, W. S. El-Nattat, A. A. A. Mourad and N. Maghraby. 2018. Effect of water extract of dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on semen characteristics and oxidative status in serum of male New Zealand rabbits under heat stress. Asian Pac. J. Reprod. 7: 22-26.
Kim, S. H., C. D. Jun, K. Suk, B. J. Choi, H. Lim, S. Park, S. H. Lee, H. Y. Shin, D. K. Kim and T. Y. Shin. 2005. Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Toxicol. Sci. 91(1): 123–131.
Liu, S. H., T. H. Lu, C. C. Su, I. S. Lay, H. Y. Lin, K. M. Fang, T. J. Ho, K. L. Chen, Y. C. Su, W. C. Chiang and Y. W. Chen. 2014. Lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) and its active constituents prevent inflammatory responses in macrophages via JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Am. J. Chin. Med. 42(4): 869–889.
Liu, C. H., N. D. Abrams, D. M. Carrick, P. Chander, J. Dwyer, M. R. J. Hamlet, A. L. Kindzelski, M. PrabhuDas, S. Y. A. Tsai, M. M. Vedamony, C. Wang and P. Tandon. 2019. Imaging inflammation and its resolution in health and disease: current status, clinical needs, challenges, and opportunities. FASEB J. 33(12): 13085–13097.
Marck V. 2010. Anatomy and pathological cytology. In: Marck V, ed. Manual of anatomo‐cytopathology techniques, Masson SAS. Elsevier; Pages 35-132, Paris, France.
Metoui, M., A. Essid, A. Bouzoumita and A. Ferchichi. 2019. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Tunisian date palm seed. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 28, 267-274.
Molyneux, P. 2004. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hy-drazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 26(2): 211–219.
OECD. 2008. Test no. 425: Acute oral toxicity-up-and-down procedure. In OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 (pp. 4–5). https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-425-acute-oral-toxicity-up-and-down-procedure-9789264071049-en.htm
Pujari, R. R., N. S. Vyawahare and P. A. Thakurdesai. 2014. Neuroprotective and antioxidant role of Phoenix dactylifera in permanent bilateral common carotid occlusion in rats. J. Acute Dis. 3(2): 104-114.
Qadir, A., F. Shakeel, A. Ali and M. Faiyazuddin. 2019. Phytotherapeutic potential and pharmaceutical impact of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm): current research and future prospects. J. Food Sci. Technol. 57(4): 1191-1204.
Salomón-Torres, R., N. Ortiz-Uribe, B. Valdez-Salas, N. Rosas-González, C. García-González, D. Chávez, I. Córdova-Guerrero, L. Díaz-Rubio, M. D. P. Haro-Vázquez, J. L. Mijangos-Montiel, A. Morales-Maza, P. Mahadevan and R. Krueger. 2019. Nutritional assessment, phytochemical composition and antioxidant analysis of the pulp and seed of medjool date grown in Mexico. PeerJ. 7: e6821.
Saryono, S., W. Warsinah, A. Isworo and F. Efendi. 2018. Anti-inflammatory effect of date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L) on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. T. J. P. R. 17(12): 2455-2461.
Sheikh, B. Y., W. M. Elsaed, A. H. Samman, B. Y. Sheikh and A. M. M. A. B. Ladin, 2014. Ajwa dates as a protective agent against liver toxicity in rat. Eur. Sci. J. 3: 1857–7881.
Slinkard, K. and V. L. Singleton. 1977. Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28: 49-55.
Tsai, D. S., M. H. Huang, J. C. Tsai, Y. S. Chang, Y. J. Chiu, Y. C. Lin, L. Y. Wu and W. H. Peng. 2015. Analgesic and anti-Inflammatory activities of rosa taiwanensis Nakai in mice. J. Med. Food 18(5): 592–600.
Vezza, T., A. Rodríguez-Nogales, F. Algieri, M. P. Utrilla, M. E. Rodriguez-Cabezas and J. Galvez. 2016. Flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease : A review. Nutrients. 8(4): 211.
Virshette, S. J., M. K. Patil and A. P. Somkuwar. 2019. A review on medicinal plants used as anti-inflammatory agents. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 8, 1641–1646.
Winter, C.A., E. A. Risley and G. W. Nuss. 1962. Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 111(3): 544–547.
Zhang, C. R., S. A. Aldosari, P. S. P. V. Vidyasagar, K. M. Nair and M. G. Nair. 2013. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays confirm bioactive compounds in Ajwa date fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61(24): 5834-5840.
Published
2021-09-10
How to Cite
Bendiab, H. C., N. Djebli, Y. Kara, M. Uçar, and S. Kolayli. “An Investigation of Algerian Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera L.); Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Phenolic Compositons H”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 33, no. 8, Sept. 2021, pp. 629-38, doi:10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i8.2737.
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Research Article
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