Landscaping with native plants in the UAE: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2017.v29.i10.319Keywords:
Landscaping, Native plants, Water shortages, xeriscaping, UAEAbstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a unique experience in greening the desert. Huge efforts have been done to create green spaces across the country including afforestation and urban landscaping. Most of the landscaping designs were inspired from western landscapes comprises mostly of exotic species, which do not reconcile with the environmental conditions of the UAE. The intensive use of exotic species in artificial vegetation, high water requirements for the UAE greenery, coupled with water shortages and salinity, are causing major environmental and ecological challenges. Fortunately, the UAE hosts a unique flora and fauna that show remarkable adjustment to harsh weather conditions. Here we emphasize the use of native plants due to their potential to develop landscapes in saline and water shortage conditions, leading to reduced water usage for landscaping. The preservation of native biodiversity of the UAE will be an added benefit. In this article the main aspects of the UAE landscaping efforts, with the associated water resources using native plants in landscaping, problems in promoting native plants in landscaping and possible solutions are discussed.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdelfattah, M.A., M. Dawoud and S.A. Shahid. 2009. Soil and water management for combating desertification–towards implementation of the united nations convention to combat desertification from the UAE perspectives, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Degradation, Riga, Latvia, pp. 17–19.
Abu Dhabi Statistics Center. 2015. Statistical yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2015. SCAD: Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Achuthan, A.A. 2009. Green Design Initiatives in the UAE Construction Sector. Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
ADM, 2010. Internal roads and infrastructure directorate. Roadway design manual version 2.0. Internal Road and Infrastructure. Abu Dhabi City Municipality. UAE.
ADM. (Abu Dhabi City Municipality). 2014 Internal roads and infrastructure Directorate. Roadway Design Manual Version 2.0.
ADM. 2011. Sustainable domestic gardens. Municipality of Abu Dhabi city. UAE.
Ahmad, M.S. 1999. Exploration of potential sources of salt tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Ph.D. Dissertation. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Pakistan.
Al-Mashhadani, A.S.S. 2012. Proposed mechanisms for introducing native plants in landscaping projects. Municipal Best Practices Forum, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Al-Mashhadani, A.S.S. 2014. Introduction of native plants in landscaping projects in Abu Dhabi city. Middle East smart landscape summit. Dubai, UAE.
Almheiri, A.K. 2015. Is the United Arab Emirates Capable to Create a Green and Sustainable Future? Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Al-Rashed, M.F. and M.M. Sherif. 2000. Water resources in the GCC countries: an overview. Water Resour Manag. 14, 59–75.
Al-Yaqoob, D. 2012. Simulation Study of Thermal Effects of Vegetation Covered Sand dune mounds within the landscape around Urban Structures in the UAE. Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Anella, L. 2000. Debunking native myths. American Nurseryman Aug 15: 39–40.
Anonymous, 2015. Landscaping with native plants a gardener’s guide for Missouri. Shaw Nature Reserve, Missouri Botanical garden.
Arif, I.A., M.A. Bakir, H.A. Khan, A.H. Al-Farhan, A.A. Al- Homaidan, A.H. Bahkali, M. Al-Sadoon and M. Shobrak. 2010. A brief review of molecular techniques to assess plant diversity. Int. J. mol. Sci. 11: 2079–2096.
B¨oer, B. and F. Al Ansari. 1999. The vegetation and flora of the United Arab Emirates-a review, in: Proceedings of the workshop on the conservation of the flora of the Arabian Peninsula. NCWCD & IUCN, Riyadh, pp. 63–77.
Baer, B. and G. Eschmann-Grupe. 1996. A botanical excursion in the UAE. Tribulus. 6: 22-25.
Bhat, N., M. Suleiman and M. Abdal. 2009. Selection of crops for sustainable utilization of land and water resources in Kuwait. World J. Agri. Sci.. 5: 201–206.
Boer, B. 1997. New wetland plants for the UAE: Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Zannichellia palustris L. Tribulus, 7: 22-23.
Bolleter, J. 2015. Charting the potential of landscape urbanism in Dubai. Landscape Res. 40: 621–642.
Bornstein, C., D. Fross and B. O’Brien. 2005. California native plants for the garden. Cachuma Press Los Olivos, CA, USA.
Bradley, G.A. 1995. Integrating multidisciplinary perspectives. In Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives (G. Bradley, Ed) University of Washington Press, Seattle.
Brown, G., S. Aspinall and D. Gardner. 2006. Cutandia dichotoma (forssk.) Trabut, a remarkable new species of annual grass for the UAE. Tribulus. 16: 30.
Brzuszek, R.F., R.L. Harkess and L. Kelly. 2010. Survey of master gardener use of native plants in the Southeastern United States. HortTechnology. 20: 462–466.
Brzuszek, R.F., R.L. Harkess and S.J. Mulley. 2007. Landscape architects’ use of native plants in the Southeastern United States. HortTechnology. 17: 78–81.
Correa, C.M. 2002. Protection and promotion of traditional medicine: implications for public health in developing countries. Switzerland: South Centre.
Crewe, K. 2013. Arizona native plants and the urban challenge. Landsc. J. 32: 215–229.
Curtis, K., M. Cowee and S. Slocum. 2009. Nevada wildland seed cooperative feasibility assessment. Technical Report. Technical Report UCED 2005/06-10. University Center for Economic Development, Department of Resource Economics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
Dimoudi, A. and M. Nikolopoulou. 2003. Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits. Energy Build. 35: 69–76.
Dougherty, B., A. Fencl, C. Swartz, J. Fisher, B. Osman and D. Yates. 2009. Climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. Abu Dhabi: Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi.
El-Ghonemy, A. 1993. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants of the United Arab Emirates. University of United Arab Emirates Press, UAE.
El-Keblawy, A. and T. Ksiksi. 2005. Artificial forests as conservation sites for the native flora of the UAE. Forest. Ecol. Manag. 213: 288–296.
FAO, A. 2000. Global network on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt affected soils. Roam. 19-12.
Feulner, G. 1997. First observations of Olea cf. europaea (the wild olive) and Ehretia obtusifolia in the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 7:12–14.
Fiedler, A.K. 2006. Evaluation of Michigan native plants to provide resources for natural enemy arthropods. ProQuest. 0221-0221.
Fiedler, A.K. and D. Landis. 2007a. Attractiveness of Michigan native plants to arthropod natural enemies and herbivores. Environ Entomol. 36: 751–765.
Fiedler, A.K. and D. Landis. 2007b. Plant characteristics associated with natural enemy abundance at Michigan native plants. Environ. Entomol. 36: 878–886.
Flint, H.L. 1997. Landscape plants for eastern North America: exclusive of Florida and the immediate Gulf Coast. John Wiley & Sons.
Frenken, K. 2009. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures AQUASTAT survey-2008. Water Reports. (34).
Gagliardi, J.A. and M.H. Brand. 2007. Connecticut nursery and landscape industry preferences for solutions to the sale and use of invasive plants. HortTechnology. 17: 39–45.
Gairola, S., T. Mahmoud and A. El-Keblawy. 2015. Sphaeralcea bonariensis (Malvaceae): A newly recorded introduced species in the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Phytotaxa. 213: 151–154.
Garci, M.C., R.Y. Evans and R.S. Montserrat. 2004. Estimation of relative water use among ornamental landscape species. Sci. Hort. 99: 163–174.
Gardner, A. and B. Howarth. 2009. Urbanization in the United Arab Emirates: the challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. In Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan (pp. 20-23).
Givoni, B. 1991. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: a review. Atmosph. Environ. Part B. Urb. 25: 289–299.
Haehle, R.G. and J. Brookwell. 2004. Native Florida plants: Low maintenance landscaping and gardening. Taylor Trade Publishing.
Hamill, N. 2005. Natives near and far. Ornamental Outlook 14: 31–32.
Hellyer, P. and S. Aspinal. 2005. The Emirates: a natural history. Trident Press.
Hilaire, R.S., D.M. VanLeeuwen and P. Torres. 2010. Landscape preferences and water conservation choices of residents in a high desert environment. HortTechnology. 20: 308–314.
Hooper, V.H. 2003. Understanding Utah’s native plant market: Coordinating public and private interest. MLA thesis, Utah State Univ. USA.
Hopkins, E. and R. Al-Yahyai. 2015. Landscaping with native plants in Oman, in: VIII International Symposium on New Ornamental Crops and XII International Protea Research Symposium. 1097, pp. 181–192.
Hostetler, M.E. G. Klowden. S.W. Miller and K.N. Youngentob. 2003. Landscaping backyards for wildlife: top ten tips for success. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication# UW175.
Ismail, S. 1998. Physiology of salt tolerance in some fodder plants. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Karachi, Karachi.
Jamil, A., S. Riaz, M. Ashraf and M. Foolad. 2011. Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci. 30: 435–458.
Jongbloed, M., G. Feulner, B. B¨oer and A.R. Western. 2003. The comprehensive guide to the wild flowers of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, UAE.
Karim, F. 1991. New records for the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 9: 93–102.
Karim, F. 1995. Some new and interesting records for the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Candollea. 50: 25–31.
Karim, F. and A.J. Dakheel. 2006. Salt tolerant plants of the United Arab Emirates. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA). Dubai, UAE.
Kauth, P.J. and H.E. Perez. 2011. Industry survey of the native wildflower market in Florida. HortTechnology. 21: 779–788.
Keator, G. 1994. Complete garden guide to the native shrubs of California. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
Khan, S., R. Tariq, C. Yuanlai and J. Blackwell. 2006. Can irrigation be sustainable? Agric. Water Manag. 80: 87–99.
Kunth, L., Randrup, T.B. and J. Schipperijn. 2006. Urban and peri- urban forestry and greening in West and Central Asia. In: contribution to the forestry outlook study for west and central Asia-FOWECA) workshop, FAO, Rome, 5-7 April 2006, proceedings, in: Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry and Greening in West and Central Asia Workshop, Rome (Italy), FAO.
Laroche, M., J. Bergeron and G. Barbaro-Forleo. 2001. Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. J. Consum. Mark. 18:503–520.
Larson, K.L., D. Casagrande, S.L. Harlan and Yabiku. 2009. Residents yard choices and rationales in a desert city: social priorities, ecological impacts, and decision tradeoffs. Environ. Manage. 44: 921–937.
Levitt, D., J. Simpson and J. Tipton. 1995. Water use of two landscape tree species in Tucson, Arizona. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 120: 409–416.
Mahmoud, A.H.A. 2011. An analysis of bioclimatic zones and implications for design of outdoor built environments in Egypt. Build. Environ. 46:605–620.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola and A. El-Keblawy. 2015. Parthenium hysterophorus and Bidens pilosa, two new records to the invasive weed flora of the United Arab Emirates. J. Biol Control Rep. 4; 26–32.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola, H. Shabana and A. El-Keblawy. 2016a. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight and Trifolium repen L. (Fabales Fabaceae) two new legume records for natural flora of the United Arab Emirates. Biodivers. J. 6:719–722.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola, H. Shabana and A. El-Keblawy. 2016b. Contribution to the flora Of United Arab Emirates: Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae) and Senna occidentalis L. (Fabaceae) two new records. Biodivers. J. 7: 223–228.
Mandaville, J.P., 1991. Flora of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Columbia University Press, New York.
Masmoudi, S. and S. Mazouz. 2004. Relation of geometry, vegetation and thermal comfort around buildings in urban settings, the case of hot arid regions. Energy Build. 36: 710–719.
McMahan, L.R. 2006. Understanding cultural reasons for the increase in both restoration efforts and gardening with native plants. Native Plants J. 7: 31–34.
McPHERSON, E.G. and R.A. Haip. 1989. Emerging desert landscape in Tucson. Geographical Review. 79(4): 435–449.
Mee, W., J. Barnes, R. Kjelgren and R. Sutton. 2003. Water wise: native plants for intermountain landscapes. HortScience. 35:1037–1043
Meyer, S.E. 2005. Intermountain native plant growers association: a nonprofit trade organization promoting landscape use of native plants. Native Plants J. 6: 104–107.
Miller, A. and T. Cope, J.A. Nyberg. 1997. Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol. 1. 119: 141–141 Edinburgh University Press in association with Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Edinburgh.
MOEW, 2015. State of environment report United Arab Emirates. Ministry of environment and water, UAE.
Mohamed, M.M., N. Al-Suwaidi, A. Ebraheem and M. Al Mulla. 2016. Ground-water modeling as a precursor tool for water resources sustainability in khatt area, UAE. Environ. Earth Sci. 75: 1–18.
Moktar, A.E. 2012. Comparative Study of Building Environmental Assessment Systems: Pearl Rating System, LEED and BREEAM A Case Study Building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Ph.D. dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Montague, T., C. McKenney, M. Maure and B. Winn. 2007. Influence of irrigation volume and mulch on establishment of select shrub species. Arboric. Urban For. 33: 202.
Morales, M.A., E. Olmos, A. Torrecillas, M.J.Sanchez-Blanco and J.J. Alarc´on. 2001. Differences in water relations, leaf ion accumulation and excretion rates between cultivated and wild species of limonium sp. grown in conditions of saline stress. Flora. 196: 345–352.
Mousa, M.T. and T.S. Ksiksi. 2009. Analysis of some desert ecosystems vegetation in Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab Emirates. effect of land use. J. For. Environ. Sci. 25: 49–55.
Murad, A.A., H. Al Nuaimi and M. Al Hammadi. 2007. Comprehensive assessment of water resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Water Resour. Manag. 21: 1449–1463.
Ochoa, J., M. Mun˜oz, M.J. Vicente, J.J. Mart´ınez-S´anchez and J.A. Franco. 2009. Native ornamental species for urban landscaping and xero-gardening in semi-arid environments, in: II International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture 881, pp. 425–428.
Osman, A., M. Makawi and R. Ahmed. 2008. Potential of the indigenous desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula for forage production in a water-scarce region.
Grass Forage Sci. 63: 495–503.
Ouis, P. 2002. Greening the emirates: the modern construction of nature in the United Arab Emirates. Cult. Geogr. 9: 334–347.
Paine, T., C. Hanlon, D. Pittenger, D. Ferrin and M. Malinoski. 1992. Consequences of water and nitrogen management on growth and aesthetic quality of drought tolerant woody landscape plants. J. Environ. Hort. 10(2): 94-99.
Parker, J. 1989. The impact of vegetation on air conditioning consumption. Controlling summer heat island, In: Proceedings of the workshop on: Saving energy and reducing atmospheric pollution by controlling summer heat island, University of California, Barkley, California, pp. 42–52.
Patane, C., A. Saita and O. Sortino. 2013. Comparative effects of salt and water stress on seed germination and early embryo growth in two cultivars of sweet sorghum. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 199: 30–37.
Peacock, J., M. Ferguson, G. Al-Hadrami, A. Saleh, I. McCann, and A. Dakheel. 2002. Desert forages of the Arabian Peninsula the sustainable use of salt affected soils through conservation and evaluation, in: Prospects for saline agriculture. Springer, pp. 43–56.
Peppin, D.L., P.Z. Ful´e, J.C. Lynn, A.L. Mottek-Lucas and C.H. Sieg. 2010. Market perceptions and opportunities for native plant production on the Southern Colorado Plateau. Restoration Ecol. 18: 113–124.
Picot, X. 2004. Thermal comfort in urban spaces: impact of vegetation growth: Case study: Piazza Della Scienza, Milan, Italy. Energy and Build. 36: 329– 334.
Pitman, K., R. McDonnell and M. Dawoud. 2009. Abu Dhabi water resources master plan. Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Potts, L.E., M.J. Roll and S.J. Wallner. 2002. Colorado native plant survey voices of the green industry. Native Plants J. 3: 121–125.
Quinn, M. 2009. High Altitude Western Gardening. Gibbs Smith.
Reid, S. and L. Oki. 2008. Field trials identify more native plants suited to urban landscaping. Calif. Agric. 62: 97–104.
Ricordi, A.H., A.J. Kaufman, L.J. Cox, R. Criley and K.T. Cheah. 2014. Going native in Hawaii opportunities and barriers for using native plant material by landscape architects. Landscape J. 33:127–139.
Rizk, Z.S., A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood. 2007. Sources of dissolved solids and water in wadi Al Bih aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah emirate, United Arab Emirates. Hydrogeol. J. 15: 1553–1563.
Roshier, D., B. B¨oer and P. Osborne. 1996. Vegetation of Abu Dhabi and a preliminary classification of its plant associations. Desert Ecology of Abu Dhabi, UK, Pisces Publications.
Russo, M.V. and P.A. Fouts. 1997. A resource based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability. Acad. Manag. J. 40: 534–559.
Sakkir, S., M. Kabshawi and M. Mehairbi. 2012. Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). J. Med. Plants Res. 6: 1304–1322.
Santamouris, M. and D. Asimakopoulos. 1996. Passive cooling of buildings. volume 1. James & James London.
Scheiber, S., E. Gilman, D. Sandrock, M. Paz, C. Wiese and M.M. Brennan. 2008. Post establishment landscape performance of Florida native and exotic shrubs under irrigated and no irrigated conditions. HortTechnology. 18: 59–67.
Shahid, M. 2014. New records for two alien Asteraceae species in the United Arab Emirates. J. New Biol. Rep. 3: 115–119.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao, 2014a. New records of two species of caryophyllaceae in the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus; 22: 66–68.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2014b. Datura ferox and Oldenlandia corymbosa: New record to the UAE flora. J. New Bio. Rep. 3: 170–174.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2015. New records of eight plant species in the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 23.
Shahid, M., N. Rao. 2016a. New flowering plant species records for the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 24.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2016b. Three new Malvaceae species to the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Biodiv. Spp. Res. 1: 39-44.
Shahin, S.M. and M.A.M. Salem. 2014. The cost of landscaping beauty in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Call for quick actions to save the irrigation resources. Proceedings of ICMTSET. Dubai
Shashua-Bar, L. and M.E. Hoffman. 2000. Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy Build. 31: 221–235.
Sherif, M., M. Almulla, A. Shetty and R.K. Chowdhury. 2014. Analysis of rainfall, PMP and drought in the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Climatol. 34: 1318–1328.
Spangenberg, J. 2004. Improvement of urban climate in tropical metropolis– a case study in maracan˜a/rio de janeiro. Master in Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany.
Spangenberg, J., P. Shinzato, E. Johansson and D. Duarte. 2008. Simulation of the influence of vegetation on microclimate and thermal comfort in the city of s˜ao paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arboriza¸c˜ao Urbana. 3: 1–19.
Spinti, J.E., R.S. Hilaire, and D. VanLeeuwen. 2004. Balancing landscape preferences and water conservation in a desert community. HortTechnology. 14: 72–77.
Stephens, C.J., N.A. Schellhorn, G.M. Wood and A.D. Austin. 2006. Parasitic wasp assemblages associated with native and weedy plant species in an agricultural landscape. Aust. J. Entomol. 45: 176–184.
Taheri, F. 2015. Impact of modified urban surfaces on enhancing the micro climate of residential landscape areas in hot arid environments–case study of Jumeirah village circle community. MSc. Thesis. Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Tamimi, L.N. 1996. The use of native Hawaiian plants by landscape architects in Hawaii. Master of Landscape Architecture thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Tourenq, C. and F. Launay. 2008. Challenges facing biodiversity in the United Arab Emirates. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19: 283–304.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. National wildlife refuge system: Biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. National Park Service. 20014.4.4.1.3 Definition of native and exotic species. Chapter 4: Natural resource management. . NPS management policies.
UNEP, 1997. World map of desertification. A/CONF 74/2. UN. New York. .
Uren, H.V., P.L. Dzidic and B.J. Bishop. 2015. Exploring social and cultural norms to promote ecologically sensitive residential garden design. Landsc. Urban Plan. 137: 76–84.
Wang, W., B. Vinocur and A. Altman. 2003. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218: 1–14.
Western, A.R. 1989. The flora of the United Arab Emirates: an introduction. Al Ain: United Arab Emirates University 188p.-col
Wilmers, F. 1990. Effects of vegetation on urban climate and buildings. Energy build. 15: 507–514.
Wong, N.H., S.K. Jusuf, A.A. La Win, H.K. Thu, T.S. Negara and W. Xuchao. 2007. Environmental study of the impact of greenery in an institutional campus in the tropics. Build. Environ. 42: 2949–2970.
Woosaree, J. 2000. Market assessment of the native plant industry in western Canada. Alberta Environ., Alberta Agr. Food Rural Dev., Alberta Res. Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada.
Yabiku, S.T., D.G. Casagrande, E.F. Metzger. 2007. Preferences for landscape choice in a southwestern desert city. Environ. Behav. 40: 382-400.
Yearbook, U.A.E., 2010. Ministry of information and culture. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Yue, C., T.M. Hurley and N. Anderson. 2011. Do native and invasive labels affect consumer willingness to pay for plants? Evidence from experimental auctions. Agricul. Econ. 42: 195–205.
Zheng, W., and L.Q. Chen. 2008. Investigation and analysis of landscaping utilization potentiality of native plant species diversity in Huangshi city. Chinese Landsc. Archit. 7: 010.
Abu Dhabi Statistics Center. 2015. Statistical yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2015. SCAD: Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Achuthan, A.A. 2009. Green Design Initiatives in the UAE Construction Sector. Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
ADM, 2010. Internal roads and infrastructure directorate. Roadway design manual version 2.0. Internal Road and Infrastructure. Abu Dhabi City Municipality. UAE.
ADM. (Abu Dhabi City Municipality). 2014 Internal roads and infrastructure Directorate. Roadway Design Manual Version 2.0.
ADM. 2011. Sustainable domestic gardens. Municipality of Abu Dhabi city. UAE.
Ahmad, M.S. 1999. Exploration of potential sources of salt tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Ph.D. Dissertation. Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Pakistan.
Al-Mashhadani, A.S.S. 2012. Proposed mechanisms for introducing native plants in landscaping projects. Municipal Best Practices Forum, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Al-Mashhadani, A.S.S. 2014. Introduction of native plants in landscaping projects in Abu Dhabi city. Middle East smart landscape summit. Dubai, UAE.
Almheiri, A.K. 2015. Is the United Arab Emirates Capable to Create a Green and Sustainable Future? Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Al-Rashed, M.F. and M.M. Sherif. 2000. Water resources in the GCC countries: an overview. Water Resour Manag. 14, 59–75.
Al-Yaqoob, D. 2012. Simulation Study of Thermal Effects of Vegetation Covered Sand dune mounds within the landscape around Urban Structures in the UAE. Ph.D. Dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Anella, L. 2000. Debunking native myths. American Nurseryman Aug 15: 39–40.
Anonymous, 2015. Landscaping with native plants a gardener’s guide for Missouri. Shaw Nature Reserve, Missouri Botanical garden.
Arif, I.A., M.A. Bakir, H.A. Khan, A.H. Al-Farhan, A.A. Al- Homaidan, A.H. Bahkali, M. Al-Sadoon and M. Shobrak. 2010. A brief review of molecular techniques to assess plant diversity. Int. J. mol. Sci. 11: 2079–2096.
B¨oer, B. and F. Al Ansari. 1999. The vegetation and flora of the United Arab Emirates-a review, in: Proceedings of the workshop on the conservation of the flora of the Arabian Peninsula. NCWCD & IUCN, Riyadh, pp. 63–77.
Baer, B. and G. Eschmann-Grupe. 1996. A botanical excursion in the UAE. Tribulus. 6: 22-25.
Bhat, N., M. Suleiman and M. Abdal. 2009. Selection of crops for sustainable utilization of land and water resources in Kuwait. World J. Agri. Sci.. 5: 201–206.
Boer, B. 1997. New wetland plants for the UAE: Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Zannichellia palustris L. Tribulus, 7: 22-23.
Bolleter, J. 2015. Charting the potential of landscape urbanism in Dubai. Landscape Res. 40: 621–642.
Bornstein, C., D. Fross and B. O’Brien. 2005. California native plants for the garden. Cachuma Press Los Olivos, CA, USA.
Bradley, G.A. 1995. Integrating multidisciplinary perspectives. In Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives (G. Bradley, Ed) University of Washington Press, Seattle.
Brown, G., S. Aspinall and D. Gardner. 2006. Cutandia dichotoma (forssk.) Trabut, a remarkable new species of annual grass for the UAE. Tribulus. 16: 30.
Brzuszek, R.F., R.L. Harkess and L. Kelly. 2010. Survey of master gardener use of native plants in the Southeastern United States. HortTechnology. 20: 462–466.
Brzuszek, R.F., R.L. Harkess and S.J. Mulley. 2007. Landscape architects’ use of native plants in the Southeastern United States. HortTechnology. 17: 78–81.
Correa, C.M. 2002. Protection and promotion of traditional medicine: implications for public health in developing countries. Switzerland: South Centre.
Crewe, K. 2013. Arizona native plants and the urban challenge. Landsc. J. 32: 215–229.
Curtis, K., M. Cowee and S. Slocum. 2009. Nevada wildland seed cooperative feasibility assessment. Technical Report. Technical Report UCED 2005/06-10. University Center for Economic Development, Department of Resource Economics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
Dimoudi, A. and M. Nikolopoulou. 2003. Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits. Energy Build. 35: 69–76.
Dougherty, B., A. Fencl, C. Swartz, J. Fisher, B. Osman and D. Yates. 2009. Climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. Abu Dhabi: Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi.
El-Ghonemy, A. 1993. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants of the United Arab Emirates. University of United Arab Emirates Press, UAE.
El-Keblawy, A. and T. Ksiksi. 2005. Artificial forests as conservation sites for the native flora of the UAE. Forest. Ecol. Manag. 213: 288–296.
FAO, A. 2000. Global network on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt affected soils. Roam. 19-12.
Feulner, G. 1997. First observations of Olea cf. europaea (the wild olive) and Ehretia obtusifolia in the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 7:12–14.
Fiedler, A.K. 2006. Evaluation of Michigan native plants to provide resources for natural enemy arthropods. ProQuest. 0221-0221.
Fiedler, A.K. and D. Landis. 2007a. Attractiveness of Michigan native plants to arthropod natural enemies and herbivores. Environ Entomol. 36: 751–765.
Fiedler, A.K. and D. Landis. 2007b. Plant characteristics associated with natural enemy abundance at Michigan native plants. Environ. Entomol. 36: 878–886.
Flint, H.L. 1997. Landscape plants for eastern North America: exclusive of Florida and the immediate Gulf Coast. John Wiley & Sons.
Frenken, K. 2009. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures AQUASTAT survey-2008. Water Reports. (34).
Gagliardi, J.A. and M.H. Brand. 2007. Connecticut nursery and landscape industry preferences for solutions to the sale and use of invasive plants. HortTechnology. 17: 39–45.
Gairola, S., T. Mahmoud and A. El-Keblawy. 2015. Sphaeralcea bonariensis (Malvaceae): A newly recorded introduced species in the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Phytotaxa. 213: 151–154.
Garci, M.C., R.Y. Evans and R.S. Montserrat. 2004. Estimation of relative water use among ornamental landscape species. Sci. Hort. 99: 163–174.
Gardner, A. and B. Howarth. 2009. Urbanization in the United Arab Emirates: the challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. In Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan (pp. 20-23).
Givoni, B. 1991. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: a review. Atmosph. Environ. Part B. Urb. 25: 289–299.
Haehle, R.G. and J. Brookwell. 2004. Native Florida plants: Low maintenance landscaping and gardening. Taylor Trade Publishing.
Hamill, N. 2005. Natives near and far. Ornamental Outlook 14: 31–32.
Hellyer, P. and S. Aspinal. 2005. The Emirates: a natural history. Trident Press.
Hilaire, R.S., D.M. VanLeeuwen and P. Torres. 2010. Landscape preferences and water conservation choices of residents in a high desert environment. HortTechnology. 20: 308–314.
Hooper, V.H. 2003. Understanding Utah’s native plant market: Coordinating public and private interest. MLA thesis, Utah State Univ. USA.
Hopkins, E. and R. Al-Yahyai. 2015. Landscaping with native plants in Oman, in: VIII International Symposium on New Ornamental Crops and XII International Protea Research Symposium. 1097, pp. 181–192.
Hostetler, M.E. G. Klowden. S.W. Miller and K.N. Youngentob. 2003. Landscaping backyards for wildlife: top ten tips for success. UF/IFAS EDIS Publication# UW175.
Ismail, S. 1998. Physiology of salt tolerance in some fodder plants. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Karachi, Karachi.
Jamil, A., S. Riaz, M. Ashraf and M. Foolad. 2011. Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci. 30: 435–458.
Jongbloed, M., G. Feulner, B. B¨oer and A.R. Western. 2003. The comprehensive guide to the wild flowers of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, UAE.
Karim, F. 1991. New records for the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 9: 93–102.
Karim, F. 1995. Some new and interesting records for the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Candollea. 50: 25–31.
Karim, F. and A.J. Dakheel. 2006. Salt tolerant plants of the United Arab Emirates. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA). Dubai, UAE.
Kauth, P.J. and H.E. Perez. 2011. Industry survey of the native wildflower market in Florida. HortTechnology. 21: 779–788.
Keator, G. 1994. Complete garden guide to the native shrubs of California. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
Khan, S., R. Tariq, C. Yuanlai and J. Blackwell. 2006. Can irrigation be sustainable? Agric. Water Manag. 80: 87–99.
Kunth, L., Randrup, T.B. and J. Schipperijn. 2006. Urban and peri- urban forestry and greening in West and Central Asia. In: contribution to the forestry outlook study for west and central Asia-FOWECA) workshop, FAO, Rome, 5-7 April 2006, proceedings, in: Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry and Greening in West and Central Asia Workshop, Rome (Italy), FAO.
Laroche, M., J. Bergeron and G. Barbaro-Forleo. 2001. Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. J. Consum. Mark. 18:503–520.
Larson, K.L., D. Casagrande, S.L. Harlan and Yabiku. 2009. Residents yard choices and rationales in a desert city: social priorities, ecological impacts, and decision tradeoffs. Environ. Manage. 44: 921–937.
Levitt, D., J. Simpson and J. Tipton. 1995. Water use of two landscape tree species in Tucson, Arizona. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 120: 409–416.
Mahmoud, A.H.A. 2011. An analysis of bioclimatic zones and implications for design of outdoor built environments in Egypt. Build. Environ. 46:605–620.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola and A. El-Keblawy. 2015. Parthenium hysterophorus and Bidens pilosa, two new records to the invasive weed flora of the United Arab Emirates. J. Biol Control Rep. 4; 26–32.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola, H. Shabana and A. El-Keblawy. 2016a. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight and Trifolium repen L. (Fabales Fabaceae) two new legume records for natural flora of the United Arab Emirates. Biodivers. J. 6:719–722.
Mahmoud, T., S. Gairola, H. Shabana and A. El-Keblawy. 2016b. Contribution to the flora Of United Arab Emirates: Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae) and Senna occidentalis L. (Fabaceae) two new records. Biodivers. J. 7: 223–228.
Mandaville, J.P., 1991. Flora of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Columbia University Press, New York.
Masmoudi, S. and S. Mazouz. 2004. Relation of geometry, vegetation and thermal comfort around buildings in urban settings, the case of hot arid regions. Energy Build. 36: 710–719.
McMahan, L.R. 2006. Understanding cultural reasons for the increase in both restoration efforts and gardening with native plants. Native Plants J. 7: 31–34.
McPHERSON, E.G. and R.A. Haip. 1989. Emerging desert landscape in Tucson. Geographical Review. 79(4): 435–449.
Mee, W., J. Barnes, R. Kjelgren and R. Sutton. 2003. Water wise: native plants for intermountain landscapes. HortScience. 35:1037–1043
Meyer, S.E. 2005. Intermountain native plant growers association: a nonprofit trade organization promoting landscape use of native plants. Native Plants J. 6: 104–107.
Miller, A. and T. Cope, J.A. Nyberg. 1997. Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol. 1. 119: 141–141 Edinburgh University Press in association with Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Edinburgh.
MOEW, 2015. State of environment report United Arab Emirates. Ministry of environment and water, UAE.
Mohamed, M.M., N. Al-Suwaidi, A. Ebraheem and M. Al Mulla. 2016. Ground-water modeling as a precursor tool for water resources sustainability in khatt area, UAE. Environ. Earth Sci. 75: 1–18.
Moktar, A.E. 2012. Comparative Study of Building Environmental Assessment Systems: Pearl Rating System, LEED and BREEAM A Case Study Building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Ph.D. dissertation. The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Montague, T., C. McKenney, M. Maure and B. Winn. 2007. Influence of irrigation volume and mulch on establishment of select shrub species. Arboric. Urban For. 33: 202.
Morales, M.A., E. Olmos, A. Torrecillas, M.J.Sanchez-Blanco and J.J. Alarc´on. 2001. Differences in water relations, leaf ion accumulation and excretion rates between cultivated and wild species of limonium sp. grown in conditions of saline stress. Flora. 196: 345–352.
Mousa, M.T. and T.S. Ksiksi. 2009. Analysis of some desert ecosystems vegetation in Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab Emirates. effect of land use. J. For. Environ. Sci. 25: 49–55.
Murad, A.A., H. Al Nuaimi and M. Al Hammadi. 2007. Comprehensive assessment of water resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Water Resour. Manag. 21: 1449–1463.
Ochoa, J., M. Mun˜oz, M.J. Vicente, J.J. Mart´ınez-S´anchez and J.A. Franco. 2009. Native ornamental species for urban landscaping and xero-gardening in semi-arid environments, in: II International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture 881, pp. 425–428.
Osman, A., M. Makawi and R. Ahmed. 2008. Potential of the indigenous desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula for forage production in a water-scarce region.
Grass Forage Sci. 63: 495–503.
Ouis, P. 2002. Greening the emirates: the modern construction of nature in the United Arab Emirates. Cult. Geogr. 9: 334–347.
Paine, T., C. Hanlon, D. Pittenger, D. Ferrin and M. Malinoski. 1992. Consequences of water and nitrogen management on growth and aesthetic quality of drought tolerant woody landscape plants. J. Environ. Hort. 10(2): 94-99.
Parker, J. 1989. The impact of vegetation on air conditioning consumption. Controlling summer heat island, In: Proceedings of the workshop on: Saving energy and reducing atmospheric pollution by controlling summer heat island, University of California, Barkley, California, pp. 42–52.
Patane, C., A. Saita and O. Sortino. 2013. Comparative effects of salt and water stress on seed germination and early embryo growth in two cultivars of sweet sorghum. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 199: 30–37.
Peacock, J., M. Ferguson, G. Al-Hadrami, A. Saleh, I. McCann, and A. Dakheel. 2002. Desert forages of the Arabian Peninsula the sustainable use of salt affected soils through conservation and evaluation, in: Prospects for saline agriculture. Springer, pp. 43–56.
Peppin, D.L., P.Z. Ful´e, J.C. Lynn, A.L. Mottek-Lucas and C.H. Sieg. 2010. Market perceptions and opportunities for native plant production on the Southern Colorado Plateau. Restoration Ecol. 18: 113–124.
Picot, X. 2004. Thermal comfort in urban spaces: impact of vegetation growth: Case study: Piazza Della Scienza, Milan, Italy. Energy and Build. 36: 329– 334.
Pitman, K., R. McDonnell and M. Dawoud. 2009. Abu Dhabi water resources master plan. Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Potts, L.E., M.J. Roll and S.J. Wallner. 2002. Colorado native plant survey voices of the green industry. Native Plants J. 3: 121–125.
Quinn, M. 2009. High Altitude Western Gardening. Gibbs Smith.
Reid, S. and L. Oki. 2008. Field trials identify more native plants suited to urban landscaping. Calif. Agric. 62: 97–104.
Ricordi, A.H., A.J. Kaufman, L.J. Cox, R. Criley and K.T. Cheah. 2014. Going native in Hawaii opportunities and barriers for using native plant material by landscape architects. Landscape J. 33:127–139.
Rizk, Z.S., A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood. 2007. Sources of dissolved solids and water in wadi Al Bih aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah emirate, United Arab Emirates. Hydrogeol. J. 15: 1553–1563.
Roshier, D., B. B¨oer and P. Osborne. 1996. Vegetation of Abu Dhabi and a preliminary classification of its plant associations. Desert Ecology of Abu Dhabi, UK, Pisces Publications.
Russo, M.V. and P.A. Fouts. 1997. A resource based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability. Acad. Manag. J. 40: 534–559.
Sakkir, S., M. Kabshawi and M. Mehairbi. 2012. Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). J. Med. Plants Res. 6: 1304–1322.
Santamouris, M. and D. Asimakopoulos. 1996. Passive cooling of buildings. volume 1. James & James London.
Scheiber, S., E. Gilman, D. Sandrock, M. Paz, C. Wiese and M.M. Brennan. 2008. Post establishment landscape performance of Florida native and exotic shrubs under irrigated and no irrigated conditions. HortTechnology. 18: 59–67.
Shahid, M. 2014. New records for two alien Asteraceae species in the United Arab Emirates. J. New Biol. Rep. 3: 115–119.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao, 2014a. New records of two species of caryophyllaceae in the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus; 22: 66–68.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2014b. Datura ferox and Oldenlandia corymbosa: New record to the UAE flora. J. New Bio. Rep. 3: 170–174.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2015. New records of eight plant species in the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 23.
Shahid, M., N. Rao. 2016a. New flowering plant species records for the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus. 24.
Shahid, M. and N. Rao. 2016b. Three new Malvaceae species to the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Biodiv. Spp. Res. 1: 39-44.
Shahin, S.M. and M.A.M. Salem. 2014. The cost of landscaping beauty in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Call for quick actions to save the irrigation resources. Proceedings of ICMTSET. Dubai
Shashua-Bar, L. and M.E. Hoffman. 2000. Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy Build. 31: 221–235.
Sherif, M., M. Almulla, A. Shetty and R.K. Chowdhury. 2014. Analysis of rainfall, PMP and drought in the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Climatol. 34: 1318–1328.
Spangenberg, J. 2004. Improvement of urban climate in tropical metropolis– a case study in maracan˜a/rio de janeiro. Master in Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany.
Spangenberg, J., P. Shinzato, E. Johansson and D. Duarte. 2008. Simulation of the influence of vegetation on microclimate and thermal comfort in the city of s˜ao paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arboriza¸c˜ao Urbana. 3: 1–19.
Spinti, J.E., R.S. Hilaire, and D. VanLeeuwen. 2004. Balancing landscape preferences and water conservation in a desert community. HortTechnology. 14: 72–77.
Stephens, C.J., N.A. Schellhorn, G.M. Wood and A.D. Austin. 2006. Parasitic wasp assemblages associated with native and weedy plant species in an agricultural landscape. Aust. J. Entomol. 45: 176–184.
Taheri, F. 2015. Impact of modified urban surfaces on enhancing the micro climate of residential landscape areas in hot arid environments–case study of Jumeirah village circle community. MSc. Thesis. Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The British University in Dubai (BUiD). Dubai.
Tamimi, L.N. 1996. The use of native Hawaiian plants by landscape architects in Hawaii. Master of Landscape Architecture thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Tourenq, C. and F. Launay. 2008. Challenges facing biodiversity in the United Arab Emirates. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19: 283–304.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. National wildlife refuge system: Biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. National Park Service. 20014.4.4.1.3 Definition of native and exotic species. Chapter 4: Natural resource management. . NPS management policies.
UNEP, 1997. World map of desertification. A/CONF 74/2. UN. New York. .
Uren, H.V., P.L. Dzidic and B.J. Bishop. 2015. Exploring social and cultural norms to promote ecologically sensitive residential garden design. Landsc. Urban Plan. 137: 76–84.
Wang, W., B. Vinocur and A. Altman. 2003. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218: 1–14.
Western, A.R. 1989. The flora of the United Arab Emirates: an introduction. Al Ain: United Arab Emirates University 188p.-col
Wilmers, F. 1990. Effects of vegetation on urban climate and buildings. Energy build. 15: 507–514.
Wong, N.H., S.K. Jusuf, A.A. La Win, H.K. Thu, T.S. Negara and W. Xuchao. 2007. Environmental study of the impact of greenery in an institutional campus in the tropics. Build. Environ. 42: 2949–2970.
Woosaree, J. 2000. Market assessment of the native plant industry in western Canada. Alberta Environ., Alberta Agr. Food Rural Dev., Alberta Res. Council, Vegreville, AB, Canada.
Yabiku, S.T., D.G. Casagrande, E.F. Metzger. 2007. Preferences for landscape choice in a southwestern desert city. Environ. Behav. 40: 382-400.
Yearbook, U.A.E., 2010. Ministry of information and culture. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Yue, C., T.M. Hurley and N. Anderson. 2011. Do native and invasive labels affect consumer willingness to pay for plants? Evidence from experimental auctions. Agricul. Econ. 42: 195–205.
Zheng, W., and L.Q. Chen. 2008. Investigation and analysis of landscaping utilization potentiality of native plant species diversity in Huangshi city. Chinese Landsc. Archit. 7: 010.
Published
2017-11-06
How to Cite
Alam, H., J. Z. K. Khattak, S. B. T. Ppoyil, S. S. Kurup, and T. S. Ksiksi. “Landscaping With Native Plants in the UAE: A Review”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 29, no. 10, Nov. 2017, pp. 729-41, doi:10.9755/ejfa.2017.v29.i10.319.
Issue
Section
Review Article
.