Determining the nutrient content, energy, and in vitro true digestibility of some grass forage plants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i5.2696Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation, total digestible nutrient, in vitro digestion parameters, and relative feed quality of some grass forage plants growing naturally in the meadows and pastures of Erzurum province in Turkey. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), Variegated brome (Bromus variegatus), and Intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) were used as the research material. In this study, the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) contents of the green grass crops forage plants were determined by in vitro gas production method, and their digestibility parameters and relative feed quality (RFQ) by the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) procedure using an Ankom Daisy incubator. As a result of the study, the differences between the forage plants were found to be statistically significant in terms of chemical composition, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation, true organic matter digestibility (TOMD) and RFQ (P<0.05). While the green intermediate wheatgrass was found to have the highest crude protein (CP) (19.56%), crude fat (CF) (3.06%), dry matter (DM) (9.14%), ME (8.82%), NEL (5.42%), and TOMD (97.75%); the green variegated brome was found to have the highest RFQ (149.79). The green orchardgrass was found to have the highest contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) with 66.23%, 34.14, and 8.52%, respectively. In conclusion, the green grass forage plants examined in this study can be used to eliminate the quality roughage deficit.
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References
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Alçiçek, A. 2001. New techniques in feeding dairy cows. Ege Agricultural Research Institute Publications, Number: 100.
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Ayaşan, T., İ. Ülger, M. Baylan, M. N. Dinçer, H. Barut, S. Aykanat, H. E. Erten, A. A. Ezici, Ş. Yaktubay and C. Mızrak. 2017. Determination of the nutritive value of some durum wheat (Triticum durum l.) varieties developed using in vitro gas production technique. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech. 7(4): 309-315.
Ayaşan, T., Sucu E, Ülger İ, Hizli H, Cubukcu P, Ozcan BD., 2020. Determination of in vitro rumen digestibility and potential feed value of tiger nut varieties. South African Journal of Animal Science, 50(5): 738-744.
Ayasan T., Ulger İ., Cil AN., Tufarelli V., Laudadio V., Palangi V., 2021. Estimation of chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation values of different peanut varieties and line by Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias, 42(2): 907-920. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p907
Başbağ, M., E. Çaçan and M. S. Sayar. 2018. Determining feed quality values of some grass species and assessments on relations among the traits with biplot analysis method. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 27: 92−101.
Barsila, S.R. 2018. The fodder oat (Avena sativa) mixed legume forages farming: Nutritional and ecological benefits. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1: 206-222.
Berti, M. and S. Zwinger. 2011. Cool-season annual forages for hay in North Dakota. Forage Focus-Hay. p. 1-2.
Blümmel, M. and E. R. Ørskov. 1993. Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradabilities of roughages in predicting food intake of cattle. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 40: 109–119.
Brown, A. N., G. Ferreira, C. L. Teets, W. E. Thomason and C.D. Teutsch. 2018. Nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of grass and legume winter (cover) crops. J. Dairy Sci. 101: 2037–2047, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13260
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Canbolat, Ö. and Ş. Karaman. 2009. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some legume forages. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15: 188-195.
Canbolat, Ö. 2012. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some cereal forages. Kafkas Univ Vet Fac Journal, 18: 571-577.
Combs, D., 2015. Forage quality and utilization: total tract NDF digestibility. Proc. of the Western States Alfalfa and Forage Symposium.
Çelik, H. and Z. Selçuk. 2019. Determination of in vitro true digestibilities of different rates of vetch hay and alfalfa hay with caramba. Van Vet. J, 30: 145-149.
Cınar, S. and R. Hatipoglu. 2015. Quality characteristics of the mixtures of some warm season perennial grasses with alfalfa (Medicago sativa l.) under irrigated conditions of Cukurova. Turk J. Field Crops, 20: 31-37.
Damiran, D., T., DelCurto, D. W. Bohnert and S. L. Findholt. 2008. Comparison of techniques and grinding size to estimate digestibility of forage based ruminant diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 15–35.
Favrea, J. R., T. M. Castiblancob, D. K. Combsb, M. A. Wattiauxb and V. D. Picassoa. 2019. Forage nutritive value and predicted fiber digestibility of Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in monoculture and in mixture with red clover during the first production year. Animal Feed and Technology, 258: 114298.
Fekadu, D., M. Walelegn and G. Terefe. 2018. Nutritional comparison of feed resources for ruminant animals feeding in ethiopia using relative forage quality. Journal of Natural Sciences, 8: 1-8.
France, J., M. Theodorou, R. Lowman and D. Beever. 2000. Feed evaluation for animal production. Feeding systems and feed evaluation models. CABI Publishing, pp. 12-20.
Genç, B., M. Salman, B. Bölükbaş, İ. Kaya and M. Açıcı. 2020. The effects of fumaric and malic acids on the in vitro true digestibility of some alternative feedstuffs for ruminants. Vet Journal Ankara Unv., 67: 185-192. DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.623821
Gülcan, H., Anlarsal, A. E., Yücel, C. 2002. Principles of feed culture. C.U. Faculty of Agriculture General Publication No: 117, Textbooks Publication No: A-32; 72. Adana.
Harper, K.J. and D. M. McNeill. 2015. The Role iNDF in the regulation of feed intake and the importance of its assessment in subtropical ruminant systems (the Role of iNDF in the regulation of forage intake). Agriculture 5: 778-790; doi:10.3390/agriculture5030778
Hindrichsen, I. K., M. Kreuzer, J. Madsen and K. E. Bach Knudsen. 2006. Fiber and lignin analysis in concentrate, forage, and feces: Detergent Versus Enzymatic-Chemical Method. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2168-2176.
Holman, J. D., A. Obour, T. Roberts and S. Maxwell. 2018. Forage type and maturity effects on yield and nutritive value. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 4.
IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Kılıç, Ü., S. Yurtseven, M. Boğa and S. Aydemir. 2015. Effects of soil salinity levels on nutrient contents and in vitro gas productions of some grass crops forages. Soil Science society of Turkey. 3: 9-15.
Kılıç, Ü. and M. A. Abdiwali. 2016. Determination of in vitro true digestibilities and relative feed values of wine ındustry grape residues as alternative feed source. Kafkas Univ Vet Fac. J., 22: 895-901. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2016.15617
Lopes, F., K. Ruh and D. K. Combs. 2015. Validation of an approach to predict total-tract fiber digestibility using a standardized in vitro technique for different diets fed to high-producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98 :2596-2602.
Linn, J. G. and N. P. Martin. 1999. Forage quality tests and interpretations. Fact Sheet AGFO-2637. Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
Marsalis, M. A., G. R. Hagevoort and L. M. Lauriault. 2009. Hay quality, sampling, and testing. New Mexico State University, USA. Circular 641, pp. 1-8.
Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz and W. Schneider. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 93: 217-222.
Menke, K. H. and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development. 28: 7-55.
McDonald, P., A. R. Henderson and S. J. E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of silage. 2nd Edition. Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks.
Muir, J., B. Lambert and Y. Newman. 2007. Defining forage quality. http://www.hdlhandle.net/1969-1,87461.
Newman, Y. C., B. Lambert and J. P. Muir. 2006. Defining forage quality. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating, pp. 1-13.
NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington D.C. 381p.
Oyedele, O.J., V.O. Asaolu and S.M. Odeyinka. 2016. Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of west african dwarf (wad) goats fed foliage combinations of moringa oleifera and gliricidia sepium with equal proportions of a low-cost concentrate. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6: 20-29.
Özelçam, H., F. Kırkpınar and K. Tan. 2015. Chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy values of Caramba (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba) fresh, silage and hay. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 28: 1427-1432.
Pinkerton, B., D. L. Cross and C. U. C. E. Service. 1991. Forage quality: Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University.
Rebole, A., C. Alzueta, L. T. Ortiz and C. Baro. 2004. Yield and chamical composition of different parts of the common vetch at flowering and two seed filling stages. Span J Agric Res, 2: 550-557.
Salama, H. S. A. and M. M. K. Zeid. 2016. Hay quality evaluation of summer grass and legume forage monocultures and mixtures grown under irrigated conditions. AJCS 10: 1543-1550, doi: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.11.PNE113
Sayar, M. S. and E. Kendal. 2014. Mixed sowing of annual legume forage crops with cereals. Mardin Journal of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, 4: 52-54.
Sayar, M. S., Y. Han, H. Yolcu and H. Yücel. 2014. Yield and quality traıts of some perennial forages as both sole crops and intercropping mixtures under irrigated conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19: 59-65.
Schut, A., S. Gherardi and D. Wood. 2010. Empirical models to quantify the nutritive characteristics of annual pastures in south-west Western Australia. Crop and Pasture Science 61: 32-43.
Serin, Y. and M. Tan. 2009. Agricultural characteristics of wheatgrass forage crops, economic importance, taxonomies and General Structural Features, Forage Crops from Wheat and Other Families (Avcıoğlu R, Hatipoğlu R, Karadağ Y, ) volume III. TÜGEM, Emre publishing house, s. 546-549, İzmir.
Sevov, A., C. Yancheva and Y. Kazakova. 2018. Sustainable pasture management. Additional information is available at the end of the chapter, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72310
Torell, R. and J. Davision. 2000. Improwing grass hay quality through fertilizer and irrigation management. Intermountain Pasture and Hay Meadow Handbook, University of Nevada, Reno, Cooperative Extension, Chapter 11.
Undersander, D. 2003. The new Relative Forage quality index concept and use. World’s Forage Superbowl Contest, UWEX.
Van Soest P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583–3597.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed., Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
Ward, R. and M. B. Ondarza. 2008. Relative feed value (RFV) vs. Relative Forage Quality (RFQ), Cumberland Valley Analytical Services, ıNC. Hagestown, MD, Paradox Nutrition, LLC, West Chazy, NY.
Yancheva, C., S. Angelova and R. Koeva. 2002. Management of steppe habitats in pastures of the region of Kaliakra reserve in Bulgaria. In: XIX-th General Meeting of EGF in Multifunction Grasslands; La Roshelle, France. pp. 860-862.
Alçiçek, A. 2001. New techniques in feeding dairy cows. Ege Agricultural Research Institute Publications, Number: 100.
Artan, H. and T. Polat. 2019. Determining forage quality values in sole and mixtures sowings of some warm season perennial grasses species with alfalfa in the ırrigated conditions of Şanlıurfa. Harran University Veterinary Faculty Journal, 8: 85-92.
Ayaşan, T., İ. Ülger, M. Baylan, M. N. Dinçer, H. Barut, S. Aykanat, H. E. Erten, A. A. Ezici, Ş. Yaktubay and C. Mızrak. 2017. Determination of the nutritive value of some durum wheat (Triticum durum l.) varieties developed using in vitro gas production technique. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech. 7(4): 309-315.
Ayaşan, T., Sucu E, Ülger İ, Hizli H, Cubukcu P, Ozcan BD., 2020. Determination of in vitro rumen digestibility and potential feed value of tiger nut varieties. South African Journal of Animal Science, 50(5): 738-744.
Ayasan T., Ulger İ., Cil AN., Tufarelli V., Laudadio V., Palangi V., 2021. Estimation of chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation values of different peanut varieties and line by Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias, 42(2): 907-920. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p907
Başbağ, M., E. Çaçan and M. S. Sayar. 2018. Determining feed quality values of some grass species and assessments on relations among the traits with biplot analysis method. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 27: 92−101.
Barsila, S.R. 2018. The fodder oat (Avena sativa) mixed legume forages farming: Nutritional and ecological benefits. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1: 206-222.
Berti, M. and S. Zwinger. 2011. Cool-season annual forages for hay in North Dakota. Forage Focus-Hay. p. 1-2.
Blümmel, M. and E. R. Ørskov. 1993. Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradabilities of roughages in predicting food intake of cattle. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 40: 109–119.
Brown, A. N., G. Ferreira, C. L. Teets, W. E. Thomason and C.D. Teutsch. 2018. Nutritional composition and in vitro digestibility of grass and legume winter (cover) crops. J. Dairy Sci. 101: 2037–2047, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13260
Boureanu, C. C., M. Stavarache, C. Samuıl and V. Vîntu. 2016. Influence of fertilization on forage quality of the simple mixtures between Bromus inermis Leyss. and Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Lucrări Ştiinţifice – vol. 59(1), seria Agronomie.
Canbolat, Ö. and Ş. Karaman. 2009. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some legume forages. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15: 188-195.
Canbolat, Ö. 2012. Comparison of in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, relative feed value and metabolizable energy contents of some cereal forages. Kafkas Univ Vet Fac Journal, 18: 571-577.
Combs, D., 2015. Forage quality and utilization: total tract NDF digestibility. Proc. of the Western States Alfalfa and Forage Symposium.
Çelik, H. and Z. Selçuk. 2019. Determination of in vitro true digestibilities of different rates of vetch hay and alfalfa hay with caramba. Van Vet. J, 30: 145-149.
Cınar, S. and R. Hatipoglu. 2015. Quality characteristics of the mixtures of some warm season perennial grasses with alfalfa (Medicago sativa l.) under irrigated conditions of Cukurova. Turk J. Field Crops, 20: 31-37.
Damiran, D., T., DelCurto, D. W. Bohnert and S. L. Findholt. 2008. Comparison of techniques and grinding size to estimate digestibility of forage based ruminant diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141: 15–35.
Favrea, J. R., T. M. Castiblancob, D. K. Combsb, M. A. Wattiauxb and V. D. Picassoa. 2019. Forage nutritive value and predicted fiber digestibility of Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in monoculture and in mixture with red clover during the first production year. Animal Feed and Technology, 258: 114298.
Fekadu, D., M. Walelegn and G. Terefe. 2018. Nutritional comparison of feed resources for ruminant animals feeding in ethiopia using relative forage quality. Journal of Natural Sciences, 8: 1-8.
France, J., M. Theodorou, R. Lowman and D. Beever. 2000. Feed evaluation for animal production. Feeding systems and feed evaluation models. CABI Publishing, pp. 12-20.
Genç, B., M. Salman, B. Bölükbaş, İ. Kaya and M. Açıcı. 2020. The effects of fumaric and malic acids on the in vitro true digestibility of some alternative feedstuffs for ruminants. Vet Journal Ankara Unv., 67: 185-192. DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.623821
Gülcan, H., Anlarsal, A. E., Yücel, C. 2002. Principles of feed culture. C.U. Faculty of Agriculture General Publication No: 117, Textbooks Publication No: A-32; 72. Adana.
Harper, K.J. and D. M. McNeill. 2015. The Role iNDF in the regulation of feed intake and the importance of its assessment in subtropical ruminant systems (the Role of iNDF in the regulation of forage intake). Agriculture 5: 778-790; doi:10.3390/agriculture5030778
Hindrichsen, I. K., M. Kreuzer, J. Madsen and K. E. Bach Knudsen. 2006. Fiber and lignin analysis in concentrate, forage, and feces: Detergent Versus Enzymatic-Chemical Method. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2168-2176.
Holman, J. D., A. Obour, T. Roberts and S. Maxwell. 2018. Forage type and maturity effects on yield and nutritive value. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 4.
IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Kılıç, Ü., S. Yurtseven, M. Boğa and S. Aydemir. 2015. Effects of soil salinity levels on nutrient contents and in vitro gas productions of some grass crops forages. Soil Science society of Turkey. 3: 9-15.
Kılıç, Ü. and M. A. Abdiwali. 2016. Determination of in vitro true digestibilities and relative feed values of wine ındustry grape residues as alternative feed source. Kafkas Univ Vet Fac. J., 22: 895-901. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2016.15617
Lopes, F., K. Ruh and D. K. Combs. 2015. Validation of an approach to predict total-tract fiber digestibility using a standardized in vitro technique for different diets fed to high-producing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98 :2596-2602.
Linn, J. G. and N. P. Martin. 1999. Forage quality tests and interpretations. Fact Sheet AGFO-2637. Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
Marsalis, M. A., G. R. Hagevoort and L. M. Lauriault. 2009. Hay quality, sampling, and testing. New Mexico State University, USA. Circular 641, pp. 1-8.
Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz and W. Schneider. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 93: 217-222.
Menke, K. H. and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development. 28: 7-55.
McDonald, P., A. R. Henderson and S. J. E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of silage. 2nd Edition. Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks.
Muir, J., B. Lambert and Y. Newman. 2007. Defining forage quality. http://www.hdlhandle.net/1969-1,87461.
Newman, Y. C., B. Lambert and J. P. Muir. 2006. Defining forage quality. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating, pp. 1-13.
NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington D.C. 381p.
Oyedele, O.J., V.O. Asaolu and S.M. Odeyinka. 2016. Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of west african dwarf (wad) goats fed foliage combinations of moringa oleifera and gliricidia sepium with equal proportions of a low-cost concentrate. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6: 20-29.
Özelçam, H., F. Kırkpınar and K. Tan. 2015. Chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy values of Caramba (Lolium multiflorum cv. Caramba) fresh, silage and hay. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 28: 1427-1432.
Pinkerton, B., D. L. Cross and C. U. C. E. Service. 1991. Forage quality: Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University.
Rebole, A., C. Alzueta, L. T. Ortiz and C. Baro. 2004. Yield and chamical composition of different parts of the common vetch at flowering and two seed filling stages. Span J Agric Res, 2: 550-557.
Salama, H. S. A. and M. M. K. Zeid. 2016. Hay quality evaluation of summer grass and legume forage monocultures and mixtures grown under irrigated conditions. AJCS 10: 1543-1550, doi: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.11.PNE113
Sayar, M. S. and E. Kendal. 2014. Mixed sowing of annual legume forage crops with cereals. Mardin Journal of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, 4: 52-54.
Sayar, M. S., Y. Han, H. Yolcu and H. Yücel. 2014. Yield and quality traıts of some perennial forages as both sole crops and intercropping mixtures under irrigated conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19: 59-65.
Schut, A., S. Gherardi and D. Wood. 2010. Empirical models to quantify the nutritive characteristics of annual pastures in south-west Western Australia. Crop and Pasture Science 61: 32-43.
Serin, Y. and M. Tan. 2009. Agricultural characteristics of wheatgrass forage crops, economic importance, taxonomies and General Structural Features, Forage Crops from Wheat and Other Families (Avcıoğlu R, Hatipoğlu R, Karadağ Y, ) volume III. TÜGEM, Emre publishing house, s. 546-549, İzmir.
Sevov, A., C. Yancheva and Y. Kazakova. 2018. Sustainable pasture management. Additional information is available at the end of the chapter, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72310
Torell, R. and J. Davision. 2000. Improwing grass hay quality through fertilizer and irrigation management. Intermountain Pasture and Hay Meadow Handbook, University of Nevada, Reno, Cooperative Extension, Chapter 11.
Undersander, D. 2003. The new Relative Forage quality index concept and use. World’s Forage Superbowl Contest, UWEX.
Van Soest P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583–3597.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed., Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
Ward, R. and M. B. Ondarza. 2008. Relative feed value (RFV) vs. Relative Forage Quality (RFQ), Cumberland Valley Analytical Services, ıNC. Hagestown, MD, Paradox Nutrition, LLC, West Chazy, NY.
Yancheva, C., S. Angelova and R. Koeva. 2002. Management of steppe habitats in pastures of the region of Kaliakra reserve in Bulgaria. In: XIX-th General Meeting of EGF in Multifunction Grasslands; La Roshelle, France. pp. 860-862.
Published
2021-07-28
How to Cite
GÜRSOY, E., A. KAYA, and M. GÜL. “Determining the Nutrient Content, Energy, and in Vitro True Digestibility of Some Grass Forage Plants”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 33, no. 5, July 2021, pp. 417-22, doi:10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i5.2696.
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Research Article
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