Morphological and Flowering Characteristics of Shallot (Allium cepa Var. Aggregatum) in Response to Gibberellic Acid and Vernalization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i5.2697Abstract
Shallot plants have variations in morphological and flowering characters. Flowering ability can be induced by the treatment of gibberellic acid (GA3) and exposing to cold temperature (vernalization). The objectives of the research were to determine the effect of GA3 and vernalization on the morphological and flowering characters of 5 shallot varieties. Field study was organized in a completely randomized block design with three replications to evaluate the responses of 5 varieties of shallots (Bauji, Bima Brebes, Super Philip, Tajuk, and Thailand) to GA3 with the concentrations ranged from zero to 150 mg L-1. Plants were maintained for 65 days until harvesting. The second study was organized in a completely randomized design with 3 replications to evaluate the responses of the five varieties of shallot to vernalization. The vernalization of shallot bulbs were done at 8 o C for 6 weeks. The results indicated that a Super Phillip variety showed the highest response to GA3 observed in the number of leaves and bulbs. At 100 mg L-1 of GA3 increased the plant height up to 45.74 cm. The results from the second study showed that vernalization was effective to increase flowering only on the Ilokos variety. But the other varieties were not sensitive to vernalization. Based on morphological and flowering characters, 5 varieties of shallots were clustered into 3 groups, namely: sensitive flowering included Bentanis, Bma Brebes and Tajuk variety, medium sensitive flowering included Ilokos variety, and non-sensitive flowering included Sumenep variety.
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References
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https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3r.9380
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http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jhort/article/view/3371/4114
Tendaj, M., and B. Mysiak. 2013. The effect of summer seedling planting dates on the development of seed stalks in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum Backer.). Acta Sci. Pol-Hortoru. 12: 57–66. http://www.hortorumcultus.actapol.net/volume12/issue6/12_6_57.pdf
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Wu, C., M. Wang, Y. Dong, Z. Cheng, and H. Meng. 2015. Growth, bolting and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in response to clove chilling treatment. Sci. Hort. 194: 43-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.018
Yamaguchi, S. 2008. Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 225-251.
Elsiddig, E.A.M., O.M. Elamin, and M.E. Elkashif. 2015. Induction of Flowering in Texas Early Grano Onion Cultivar Using Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid under Gezira State Conditions, Sudan. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub. 5: 17.
Farhadi, N., and S.A. Salteh. 2018. The effect of Forchlorfenuron on bulblet formation, antioxidant characteristics and phytochemicals compounds of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium.). J. Hort. Sci. 31: 565–76. Doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v31i3.56997.
Finnegan E.J., D. Bagnall, C. Helliwell, D. Rouse, C. Sheldon, M. Tadege, W.J. Peacock, and E. Dennis. 2001. Vernalization. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved on January 12, 2016 from www.els.net.
Maji, S., R. Kumawat, A. Pal, S. Kumar, and S. Saha. 2015. Improvement of growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. G-282 through a novel approach. The Bioscan. 10: 23-27.
Helaly, A.A., M.S. Abdelghafar, M.T. Al-Abd, and A.A. Alkharpotly. 2016. Effect of Soaked Allium cepa L. Bulbs in Growth Regulators on their Growth and Seeds Production. Adv Plants Agric Res. 4: 00139. Doi: 10.15406/apar.2016.04.00139
Hye, A.M., M.S. Haque, and M.A. Karim. 2002. Influence of growth regulators and their time of application on yield of onion. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 5: 1021-1023. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2002.1021.1023
Khokhar, K.M. 2014. Flowering and Seed Development in Onion-A Review. Open Access Library Journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Kucera, B., M.C. Cohn, and G. Leubner-Metzger. 2005. Plant hormone interactions during seed dormancy release and germination. Seed Sci. Res. 15: 281-307. http://www.seedbiology.de/
Kusumadewi, S., Hamim, and Sobir. 2017. Photoperiods and vernalization study for induction of shallot flowering (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) in lowlands. (Thesis) IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.
Lee, R., S. Baldwin, F. Kenel, J. McCallum, and R. Macknight. 2013. Flowering locus T genes control onion bulb formation and flowering. Nat. Commun. 4:2884. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3884
Mardiana. 2016. Effect of low temperature storage of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) seeds on seed growth. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 4: 6774.
Marlin, M., A. Maharijaya, A. Purwito, and S. Sobir. 2019. Secondary metabolites change under vernalization and its relation to flowering competency in shallot (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum). Rasayan J. Chem. 12: 1418-1425.
http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2019.1235356
Marlin, M., A. Maharijaya, A. Purwito, and S. Sobir. 2018. Molecular diversity of the flowering related gene (LEAFY) on shallot (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum) and allium relatives. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 50: 313-328.
http://sabraojournal.org/sabrao-journal-of-breeding-and-genetics-volume-50-number-3-september-2018/
Mohammadi-Motlagh, H., A. Mostafaie, and K. Mansouri. 2011. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) extract. Arch. Med. Sci. 1: 3844. https://dx.doi.org/10.5114%2Faoms.2011.20602
Olszewski, N., T.P. Sun, and F. Gubler. 2002. Gibberellin Signaling: Biosynthesis, Catabolism, and Response Pathways. Plant Cell. 14: S61-S80. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010476
Ouzounidou, G., A. Giannakoula, M. Asfiiand, and Lias. 2011. Differential response of onion and garlic agenest plant growth regulator. Pak. J. Bot. 43: 2051-2057.
Patel. M.J., H.C. Patel, and J.C. Chavda. 2007. Influence of plant growth regulators and their application methods on yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). Asian J. Hort. 5: 263-265. http://www.hindagrihorticulturalsociety.co.in/
Rahman, M.H., M.S. Haque, M.A. Karim, and M. Ahmed. 2006. Effects of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Breaking Dormancy in Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Int. J. Agr. Biol. 8: 63–65. http://www.fspublishers.org
Shaikh, A.M.B., S. Vyakaranahal, M. Shekhargouda, and P.R. Dharmati. 2002. Influence of bulb size and growth regulators on growth, seed yield and quality of onion cv. Nasik Red. Seed Res. 30: 223 -229.
Singh, H.D., S. Maji, and S. Kumar. 2014. Influence of plant bio - regulators on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Int. J. Agric. Sci. 10: 546 -549.
Song, J., A. Angel, M. Howard, and C. Dea. 2012. Vernalization–a cold-induced epigenetic switch. J. Cell Sci. 125: 37233731. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.084764
Sravani, V., S.N. Saravaiya, B.N. Patel, H.N. Chhatrola, H.B. Patel, and J.M.Vashi. 2020. Response of plant bioregulators on growth parameters and plant growth analysis of onion (Allium cepa L.). Int. J. Chem. Studies 8: 1312-1316.
https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3r.9380
Sumarni, N., Suwandi, N. Gunaeni, S. Putrasameja. 2013. Effect of varieties and application of GA3 on flowering and yield of shallot seeds in the highlands of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Hort. 23: 153163.
http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jhort/article/view/3371/4114
Tendaj, M., and B. Mysiak. 2013. The effect of summer seedling planting dates on the development of seed stalks in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum Backer.). Acta Sci. Pol-Hortoru. 12: 57–66. http://www.hortorumcultus.actapol.net/volume12/issue6/12_6_57.pdf
Tiwari, R.S., A. Ankur, and S.C. Sengar. 2003. Effect of bioregulators on growth, bulb yield, quality and storability of onion cv. Pusa Red. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 8: 411 -413. http://ispponline.org/storage/ijpp-8-4-020.pdf
Wen, Z., W. Guo, J. Li, H. Lin,. C. He, Y. Liu, Q. Zhang, and Q. Liu. 2017. Comparative transciptomic analysis of vernalization-and cytokinin-Induced floral transition in Dendrobium nobile. Sci. Rep. 7: 45748. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45748
Wu, C., M. Wang, Y. Dong, Z. Cheng, and H. Meng. 2015. Growth, bolting and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in response to clove chilling treatment. Sci. Hort. 194: 43-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.018
Yamaguchi, S. 2008. Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 225-251.
Published
2021-07-28
How to Cite
Marlin, M., H. Hartal, A. Romeida, R. Herawati, and M. Simarmata. “Morphological and Flowering Characteristics of Shallot (Allium Cepa Var. Aggregatum) in Response to Gibberellic Acid and Vernalization”. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 33, no. 5, July 2021, pp. 388-94, doi:10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i5.2697.
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Research Article
.